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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fertility (statistical) or fecundity (biological) |
Ability to bear children |
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Infertility (statistical) or infecundity (biological) |
Unable to bear children (diagnosed after 1 year of unprotected intercourse) |
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Subfertility |
Reduced level of fertility characterized by miscarriages, sperm abnormalities, infrequent ovulation |
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Miscarriage |
Loss of conception in the first 20 weeks (5 months) of pregnancy; due to fetus defect, infection, or uterine defect |
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What risks occur when mother has underweight BMI? |
<18.5 BMI Pre-term delivery Infant death |
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What risks occur when mother has overweight or obese BMI? |
25.5-29.9 BMI Hypertension Gestational diabetes (Larger babies) Post-term delivery Complicated delivery |
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What risks occur when mother has iron deficiency? |
Pre-term delivery Iron deficient newborn |
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What risks occur when mother has folate deficiency? |
Neural tube defects- connects brain and spinal cord; defects include spina bifida, anencephaly |
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Puberty |
Human becomes biologically able to reproduce |
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Main difference between men and women |
Women are born with 7million immature ova (eggs); 400-500 ova will mature and be released Men produce sperm starting at puberty; decreases at 35 but continues production until old age |
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How are chromosomes damaged in sex cells? |
Radiation Oxidation Aging |
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2 phases of menstrual cycle (and their major hormones) |
Follicular phase-ovum and sperm growth and maturation (GnRH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone)
Luteal phase-after ovulation (egg release) stimulates menstrual flow (decrease in estrogen and progesterone) |
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Role of estrogen |
Stimulates vascularity within uterus |
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Progesterone |
Prepares uterus for fertilized ovum Increases vascularity of endometrium (mucous membrane lining of the uterus) Stimulates cell division in fertilized ovum |
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Sources of infertility |
Malnutrition Contraceptives Stress Infection Structural damage Chromosome damage |
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Malnutrition sources of infertility |
Undernutrition-small infants; fertility returns when nutrition improves Body fat-low or high body fat (<20 or >30 BMI) alters hormone (leptin and estrogen) distribution resulting in amenorrhea (peroids stop), anovulatory cycles (irregular period cycles) |
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Adverse effects of high physical activity |
Delayed puberty Absent or irregular periods related to calorie deficiency Reduced estrogen and bone density |
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Oxidative stress in men causes |
Decrease in sperm motility Reduces sperm's ability to fuse with egg |
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Oxidative stress in women causes |
Underdeveloped eggs and follicules Egg will not plant to uterine wall |
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Specific nutrients needed for fertility |
Antioxidants-vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, selenium protects reproductive cells Zinc for men-reduces oxidative stress, testosterone synthesis, sperm maturation Low-fat, high fiber diet linked to reduced estrogen levels and irregular periods Soy (isoflavones)-decreases gonaotrophins, estrogen, and progesterone Caffeine reduces conception Iron for women-adequate pre-pregnancy iron increases fertility Alcohol can decrease hormone levels or disrupt cycles Folate-helps with DNA and RNA synthesis, cell division (inadequate pre-pregnancy intake causes neural tube defects like spina bifida, anencephaly) found in dark leafy greens, fruit, nuts, beans, dairy, meat, eggs, seafood, grain (enriched) |
