Ch. 14 - Aldehydes, Ketones, And Chiral Molecules

Front 1

What feature of aldehydes and ketones strongly influences their physical and chemical properties?

Back 1

Carbonyl Polarities

Front 2

What is the name of this molecule?

Back 2

Benzaldehyde

Front 3

What's the name of this molecule?

Back 3

Benzophenone

Front 4

What's the name of this molecule?

Back 4

3-ethylcyclopentanone

Front 5

What's the name of this molecule?

Back 5

3-oxo-butanal

Front 6

With what conditions are aldehydes and ketones gases and liquids?

Back 6

With carbon chains 1 - 2 atoms long and 3 - 10 atoms long respectively.

Front 7

What functional group does Benzene belong to?

Back 7

Phenyl group

Front 8

Why do aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than alkanes and ethers of similar mass?

Back 8

Dipole-dipole interactions between carbonyl groups hold aldehydes and ketones together

Front 9

Why do alcohols have a higher boiling point than aldehydes and ketones of similar mass?

Back 9

Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with each other and aldehydes and ketones cannot

Front 10

At what point are aldehydes and ketones soluble, slightly soluble, and non soluble?

Back 10

At one to four, five, and six or more carbon atoms respectively

Front 11

What do aldehydes and ketones oxidize to form?

Back 11

Aldehydes form carboxylic acids, ketones do not undergo oxidization.

Front 12

What is a result of the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of an acid catalyst?

Back 12

A hemiacetal

Front 13

What type of molecule contains two alkoxy groups on the same carbon atom?

Back 13

Acetals

Front 14

Of the two, which are more reactive? Aldehyde or ketones?

Back 14

Aldehydes, because their carbonyl carbon is more positive

Front 15

Which aldehydes are more often referred to by their common names?

Back 15

Aldehydes with carbon chains of 1 to 4 carbons.

Front 16

Are numbers needed for naming both aldehyde and ketone groups?

Back 16

Only for ketone groups

Front 17

What are the common names for methanal and ethanal?

Back 17

Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

Front 18

Why are aldehydes and ketones soluble at all?

Back 18

The oxygen in the carbonyl group forms a hydrogen bond with the water's hydrogen atom.

Front 19

What do aldehydes oxidized to form?

Back 19

Carboxylic acids

Front 20

Why can't ketones undergo oxidization?

Back 20

Because there is no hydrogen atom connected to the carbonyl group to be reduced/oxidized

Front 21

What is Tollen's reagent?

Back 21

A solution of a positive silver ion and ammonia (AgNO3)

Front 22

What is the purpose of tollens test?

Back 22

To differentiate between oxidizable aldehydes and inoxidizable ketones.

Front 23

What is the purpose of Benedict's test?

Back 23

The differentiate between compounds with an aldehyde functional group and an adjacent hydroxyl group and simple aldehydes and ketones.

Front 24

What is Benedict's solution?

Back 24

CuSO4 (containing a Cu²+ ion)

Front 25

What is the product of Benedict's solution and and aldehyde with an adjacent hydroxyl group?

Back 25

A brick-red solid of Cu2O.

Front 26

What is the product of a positive tollens test?

Back 26

Reduced silver and an oxidized aldehyde, forming a silver mirror on the inside of the container.

Front 27

By what are aldehydes and ketones reduced?

Back 27

Hydrogen (H2) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and a catalyst such as nickel platinum or palladium.

Front 28

What are the process and products of reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

Back 28

An addition of hydrogen reduces carbon oxygen bonds. The products of reduction of aldehydes and ketones are primary and secondary alcohols respectively.

Front 29

What is the product of butanal of Tollens' reagent?

Back 29

Butanoic acid and silver

Front 30

What is the product of the reduction of cyclohexanone by hydrogen?

Back 30

Cyclohexanol

Front 31

With an abundance of alcohol, what will a hemiacetal become?

Back 31

The unstable hemiacetal will react with a second molecule of alcohol to form acetal and water.

Front 32

What is the difference in carbonyl groups between aldehydes and ketones?

Back 32

Polarity, the carbonyl group in the more reactive aldehyde is more positive.

Front 33

Is hemiacetal and acetal formation reversible?

Back 33

Yes.

Front 34

Under what conditions do cyclic hemiacetals form?

Back 34

When the carbonyl group and the -OH group are in the same molecule.

Front 35

What reaction explains how sugar molecules can link together and form disaccharides and polysaccharides?

Back 35

The addition of alcohols to cyclic hemiacetals to form cyclic acetals.

Front 36

What is maltose and what are its constituents?

Back 36

A disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules linked together by an acetal bond.

Front 37

What is the condensed structural formula of the acetal formed by adding CH3OH to butanal?

Back 37

Front 38

What does it mean for a carbon atom to be chiral?

Back 38

The carbon atom must have 4 different atoms or groups.

Front 39

What is a stereoisomer?

Back 39

An arrangement of a molecule in which only the three-dimensional image looks different than the original..

Front 40

What is a Fischer projection?

Back 40

A two-dimensional representation of a molecule, placing the most oxidized group at the top, using vertical lines for bonds that go back, and horizontal lines for bonds that go forward

Front 41

What is an enantiomer?

Back 41

A stereoisomer that cannot be superimposed with its original

Front 42

What senses are responsive to the chirality of molecules?

Back 42

Smell and taste

Front 43

Back 43

Remember this