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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Virchow's triad.
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= three major factors for thrombus formation
1. turbulent blood flow (ie bifurcations, aneurysms, venous stasis) 2. vessel wall damage 3. excess clotting |
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Differentiate these terms:
thrombocythemia, thromboembolus, embolus |
thrombocythemia = excess platelets
thromboembolus (aka embolus) = when part of thrombus breaks off and travels |
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Vessel obstruction leads to ?
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infact (tissue necrosis via insuffeicient arterial blood supply)
the process of an infarct = infarction |
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What happens when a thromboembolus occludes
- a vein? - an artery? - a heart vessel? - a brain vessel? |
vein -> usually pulmonary embolism
artery --> usually from heart to brain/intestines/lower extremities/ kidneys heart --> MI brain --> stroke |
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WHat is coarctation?
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narrowing of a vessels
usually used to describe a congenital heart defect. (ie coarctation of the aiorta) |
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stenosis vs coarctation
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stenosis = narrowing of valve
coarctation = narrowing of (great) vessels |
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What does a difribillator do?
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it provides an electric shock to a heart with a conduction problem, in which the heart quivers instead of beating (fibrillation)
it is much like a slap in the face to a hysterical person |
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When cardiac conduction stops at the AV node, what happens?
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ventricles and atria beat at their own rates.
the failure of conduction = heart block |
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Patient's calf is tender when foot is dorsiflexed. What might this be?
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deep vein thrombosis (aka Homan's sign)
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What three major body systems are affected by hypertension? How?
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CNS - sudden inc in pressure (hypertensive crisis) causes vessel damage, and leakage
Cardiovascular - atherosclerosis, small vessels, heart strain renal system - nephrosclerosis. snowball effect of aldosterone trying to increase pressure and blood flow to kidneys. |
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Shock is when blood pressure drops. T of F?
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F. Shock is when circulation fails, and there is impaired perfusion to vital organs.
hypotension is a late stage of shock. |
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What are the different kinds of shock?
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cardiogenic shock (MI)
hypovolemic shock systemic shock - septic shock - anaphylactic shock - neurogenic shock |
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What causes septic shock? How serious is it?
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caused by massive inflammatory response (vasodilation for inc permeability)
very serious. 30-50% mortality rate |
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What is best position for a person undergoing shock? and why?
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supine with legs elevated maximizes cerebral blood flow.
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Heart failure is when the heart fails to contract. T or F.
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F. Heart failure can result from ineffective contraction (systolic failure) or ineffective relaxation (diastolic failure)
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Can valve stenosis cause heart failure?
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Yes. increased workloads on heart cmay contribute to heart failure.
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Left heart failure aka?
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congestive heart failure
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What is congestive heart failure
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another name for left heart failure. results in pulmonary edema.
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What is cor pulmonale?
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right heart alteration as a result of a primary disorder of lung (ie hypertension, infection, inflammation, edema)
right heart failure may be caused by lung issues |
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How does left heart failure cause right heart failure?
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left heart failure causes pulmonary edema, which causes right heart failure
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how does the body compensate during heart failure?
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ease congestion and improve cardiac pumping to continue oxygenation of tissues
1. improve venous return (which improves CO) 2. stimulate sympathetic nervous system (inc heart rate and vessel tone) 3. stimulate renen-angiotenisn 4. enlarge heart muscle - helps cardiac contractility |
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What is DIC?
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disseminated intravascular coagulation
- widespread thrombi formation depletes clotting factors, allowing massive hemorrhage |
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This is the most common site for atherosclerosis.
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bifurcation of the common carotid.
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What is preload and afterload?
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preload is the pressure that stretches the ventricles before ventricular systole
(end volumetric pressure) afterload is the "load" (or pressure) that the ventricles must pump against |
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How can you calculate blood pressure?
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BP = CO x R (periph resistance)
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What is a myocardial infarction?
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infaction = tissue necrosis due to ischemia
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What are the kinds of MI's?
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transmural infarct = full thickness infarct (endocardium to epicardium)
subendocardial infarct = partial wall necrosis |
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What causes an MI?
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- blockage of coronary artery
- arterial spasm - sudden increased mycardial O2 requirements (vigorous activities) |
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Cardiac arrest is? results from?
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= heart stops pumping
- myocardial ischemia --> arrhythmia/ ventricular fibrillation - Asystole - complete cessation of contractions |
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MI vs Cardiac arrest
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MI = cardiac tissue necrosis due to ischemia
Cardiac arrest = electrical conduction dysfunction, resulting in cessation of contractions |
