Ce 11

Front 1

according to grain sizes, according to cohesive property

Back 1

soil classification

Front 2

the load that will be transmitted by the superstructure to the foundation system, the requirements of the local building code, the behavior and stress-related deformability of soils/rocks that will support the foundation system, the geological conditions of the soil under consideration

Back 2

design of foundations of structures generally requires a knowledge of factors such as:

Front 3

foundation

Back 3

lowest part of the structure

Front 4

foundation

Back 4

its function is to transfer the loads of the structure onto the soil where it rests

Front 5

foundation bed

Back 5

ground where foundation rests

Front 6

distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area, adjust loads to prevent unequal settlement, prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material, secure a level and firm bed for building operations, increase the stability of the structure as a whole

Back 6

foundations functions

Front 7

strength limit

Back 7

bearing capacity or how much stress (force per unit area) can be carried by the soil

Front 8

serviceability limit

Back 8

how much deformation (in case of foundation, settlement usually) is allowed so that function is not impeded

Front 9

strength limit, serviceability limit

Back 9

foundation limits

Front 10

settlement, capacity

Back 10

relevant parameters

Front 11

settlement

Back 11

foundation dimensions, compressibility, permeability

Front 12

capacity

Back 12

strength parameters of soil like angle of friction and cohesion, unit weight, ground water table location

Front 13

total, differential

Back 13

kinds of settlement

Front 14

total

Back 14

settlement of the structure as a whole (almost same settlement for all points)

Front 15

differential

Back 15

settlement differences between points (usually footings) on a structure

Front 16

general shear, local shear, punching shear

Back 16

foundation failures based in strength

Front 17

shallow, deep

Back 17

types of foundation

Front 18

less than 4

Back 18

depth-of-embedment-to-width ratio of shallow foundations

Front 19

isolated spread footings, wall footings, combined, strap, mat foundation

Back 19

kinds of shallow foundations

Front 20

isolated spread footings

Back 20

footings under individual column which may be square, rectangular, or circular

Front 21

strip/wall/continuous footing

Back 21

made as a continuous slab strip along the length of a wall

Front 22

combined footing

Back 22

footing that supports 2 or more columns (due to columns being too close/footings overlapping)

Front 23

cantilever/strap footing

Back 23

similar to combined footings, except that the footings under columns are built independently, and are joined by strap beam

Front 24

raft/mat foundation

Back 24

large continuous footing supporting all the columns of the structure

Front 25

raft/mat foundation

Back 25

foundation for poor soil where footing will end up being too big but using pile is not desired/justified

Front 26

driven, bored

Back 26

types of deep foundation

Front 27

deep foundation

Back 27

used when the top layers are not good enough to carry the structure

Front 28

deep foundations

Back 28

used to transfer loads to a stronger layer (may or may not bedrock) which may or may not be located at a significant depth below the ground surface

Front 29

skin friction, end bearing

Back 29

the load is transferred through _________ and _________

Front 30

F.s. = failure limit / used

Back 30

factor of safety

Front 31

near vertical excavations

Back 31

excavation done whenplutonic/intrusive igneous rocks (granite/gabbro), highly weather resistant like gneiss, quartzite, hornfels

Front 32

drilling, blasting, ripping, digging

Back 32

excavations on rocks

Front 33

hardness

Back 33

drilling factor that dictates how strong the drilling bit should be

Front 34

abrasiveness

Back 34

drilling factor that is the wear effect in drill bits; related to hardness; affected by shape and texture

Front 35

grain size

Back 35

drilling factor that is the size of particles as it is drilled; large particles cause scratches but less wear while smaller particles may polish the drill bits

Front 36

discontinuities

Back 36

drilling factor that affect the ease of drilling

Front 37

pre-splitting

Back 37

creation of shear surface using controlled blasts/drillholes

Front 38

ripping

Back 38

breaking of rock just enough to enable economic loading of rocks

Front 39

intact strength, fracture index, abrasiveness

Back 39

factors affecting ripping

Front 40

intact strength, bulk density, bulking factor, water content

Back 40

factors affecting digging

Front 41

rock bursting

Back 41

rocks suddenly busting from the sides of a tunnel (due to dissipation of accumulated residual stress)

Front 42

popping

Back 42

similar to rock bursting but milder and sides bulge out

Front 43

standup time/ bridging capacity

Back 43

time a rock mass can remain unsupported after tunneling

Front 44

rock bolts, shotcrete, steel arches

Back 44

tunnels can be supported by:

Front 45

reservoirs

Back 45

the body of water that has been controlled by a man using a dam

Front 46

location of dam, runoff characteristics, watertightness of reservoir basin and sides, stability of sides, sedimentation, possible seismic effects

Back 46

factors affecting reservoir site

Front 47

reservoir

Back 47

main use is to control flow, satisfy demand and regulate flow (save for use later; reduce flow to reduce damage)

Front 48

dam

Back 48

an engineering structure constructed to contain water and act as storage

Front 49

concrete, earth, soil

Back 49

what is dam typically made of

Front 50

aggregates

Back 50

rock fragments that are combined to produce certain mixtures (sand, gravel)

Front 51

trade names

Back 51

aggregates can be described by usually related to rocks the aggregates came from

Front 52

suitability

Back 52

aggregates can be described by covers characteristics like shape and texture, contamination, gradation, specific gravity, bulk density, and results of petrographic examination and mechanical tests (usually to determine strength)

Front 53

earthfill

Back 53

from unconsolidated sediments. usually compacted to be improved as it is used as fill

Front 54

dimension stone

Back 54

rocks cut to desired size and used directly as slaps, blocks, or columns although this has been mostly replaced by concrete use

Front 55

unrestrained slope

Back 55

an exposed ground surface that stands at an angle with the horizontal

Front 56

fall, topple, slide, spread, flow

Back 56

slope failure modes

Front 57

fall

Back 57

these motions are characterized by quick movement of various slope materials, such as rocks and boulders, which detach from steep slopes of cliffs due to gravitational actions and mechanical weathering. The slope material moves by bouncing, rolling or free-fall

Front 58

topple

Back 58

this failure, caused by gravitational action or forces exerted by adjacent materials, is distinguished as a forward rotational motion about a pivot point located at the lower portion of the failure unit

Front 59

spread

Back 59

lateral spreads often occur on very gentle slopes. it is characterized by lateral extension with shear or tensile fracture often caused by liquefaction of soil material as a result of naturally or artificially induced rapid ground motion

Front 60

flow

Back 60

this type of landslide may be described as a continuous movement of slope material with short-lived, closely spaced and often not preserved shear surfaces. the speed of motion may range from slow and steady movement (creep) to rapid movement (debris flow, earthflow, mudflow)

Front 61

slide

Back 61

this is a more restrictive term used specifically for mass movement with a distinct zone of weakness where there is evident separation of slide material and the underlying stable material

Front 62

translational slide

Back 62

a type of slide where the slope material moves along a roughly planar surface with little tilting and rotation

Front 63

rotational slide

Back 63

a mass movement where there is evident curved, concavely upward rupture surface

Front 64

slope gradient

Back 64

it is commonly viewed as a major contributing factor in landslide formation. it is the most important factor that needs to be taken into account as the principal factor in landslide susceptibility assessment

Front 65

elevation

Back 65

it is attributed to other factors such as slope, lithology, weathering, precipitation, ground motion, soil thickness, and land use. As an example, mountainous regions often experience relatively larger volume of precipitation causing more landslide occurence

Front 66

slope aspect

Back 66

the exposure of slope, which may be described with respect to the cardinal directions, may affect the distribution of landslide occurrence

Front 67

slope aspect

Back 67

it may be associated with more sunlight exposure, differential weathering and erosion

Front 68

slope gradient, elevation, slope aspect

Back 68

morphologic factors

Front 69

soil, geology, precipitation, exposure, road network, water bodies

Back 69

non-morphologic factors

Front 70

faults

Back 70

weakness zones in rocks where movement may occur

Front 71

volcanic, tectonic: interplate, intraplate

Back 71

kinds of earthquake

Front 72

source, path, site

Back 72

earthquake factors

Front 73

source

Back 73

fault related parameters

Front 74

path

Back 74

path wave attenuation

Front 75

site

Back 75

local amplification/deamplification

Front 76

primary, shear

Back 76

types of body waves

Front 77

body wave

Back 77

wave that travels through interior of earth

Front 78

primary wave

Back 78

fastest wave; push and pull; travels through rock and fluids

Front 79

shear wave

Back 79

second wave felt in an EQ; travels through soild only; moves perpendicular to direction of propagation

Front 80

surface waves

Back 80

wave that travels only along the crust

Front 81

love, rayleigh

Back 81

types of surface waves

Front 82

magnitude

Back 82

measurement of earthquake through the energy released

Front 83

intensity

Back 83

earthquake measurement that is about the effect on a site