Causes Key Terms- French Revolution

Front 1

First Estate

Back 1

Made up of religious leaders and the clergy. represented less than 1%. Owned or controlled one-fifth of the land. Special rights: no taxes

Front 2

Second Estate

Back 2

Nobility, 20 and 30 percent of the land in France, but consisted of about 1.5 percent of the population, little to no taxes, could tax their works.

Front 3

Third Estate

Back 3

95%, peasants, servants, skilled and unskilled workers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, storekeepers, and laborers, paid the largest share of the taxes, yet had very few privileges and had little to no influence on the Monarch

Front 4

Clergy

Back 4

Made up the 1st estate, collected taxes

Front 5

Nobility

Back 5

Made up the 2nd estate, didn't have to pay taxes, and could charge their workers taxes

Front 6

Bourgeoisie

Back 6

Made up the 3rd estate w/peasants, were more middle class, but still had to pay taxes.

Front 7

Peasants

Back 7

Made up the 3rd estate, backbone of the economy, paid taxes, treated poorly

Front 8

Old Regime

Back 8

Refers to the aristocratic system that characterized French society and politics, overthrown by Revolution

Front 9

Enlightenment

Back 9

A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

Front 10

Natural Law

Back 10

a philosophical and legal belief that all humans are governed by basic innate laws, life liberty etc

Front 11

Rousseau

Back 11

a revolutionary thinker and philosopher questioning the premise of society as the protector and arbiter of good. basic principles= man is free in the natural state but that within society his is more or less enslaved to that society.

Front 12

Absolutism

Back 12

A form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or other authority

Front 13

Natural Rights

Back 13

political theory that maintains that an individual enters into society with certain basic rights and that no government can deny these rights.

Front 14

Scientific Revolution

Back 14

was the emergence of modern science, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature

Front 15

Newton

Back 15

was an English physicist and mathematician laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. Made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal calculus, laws of motion, etc.

Front 16

Hobbes

Back 16

(Thomas) English philosopher, social contract theory. developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; equality, etc.

Front 17

John Locke

Back 17

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience

Front 18

French Philosophe

Back 18

Any of the leading philosophical, political, and social writers of the 18th-century French Enlightenment. Locke, Hobbes, etc.

Front 19

Montesquieu

Back 19

a French social commentator and political thinker heory of separation of powers, which is taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world

Front 20

Voltarie

Back 20

1694-1778, Enlightenment thinker, champion of personal freedom. favored the rule of the able.

Front 21

The Social Contract

Back 21

addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. States that we give up some of our rights in exchange for protection of out other rights.

Front 22

King Louis XVI

Back 22

King of France during F.R. Succeeded his grandfather in 1774. Tried to reform France in accordance w/Enlightenment- abolish serfdom, remove taxes and increase religious freedom.

Front 23

Marie Antoinette

Back 23

Wife of King, suspect of many rumors, held under lock down during F.R.

Front 24

Divine Right Theory

Back 24

the concept that the right to rule derives from God and that kings are answerable for their actions to God alone

Front 25

Flour War

Back 25

uprising caused by the excessive price of bread in France. the government enacted fewer price controls, leaving prices to the free market. This caused the price of flour to climb, and the working classes could not buy bread.

Front 26

Financial Crisis

Back 26

1756–1783 France builds up enormous debt by participating in the Seven Years’ War and American Revolution, tried to raise taxes, but that only hurt 3rd estate.

Front 27

Alexandre de Calonne

Back 27

Controller general of finances appointed by Louis XVI in 1783; recommended across-the-board taxation as the only way to salvage France’s dire financial situation

Front 28

Assembly of Nobles

Back 28

In 1788, Louis called an assembly of nobles, hoping that they might accept taxation and economy measures. They flatly rejected his requests,insisting that he call the Estates-General, which had not met since 1614.

Front 29

Estates General

Back 29

originated in the thirteenth century, used in situations when monarchs needed support, but were used irregularly, considered too unhelpful to use frequently, and never turned into a true representative institution.

Front 30

Register of Grievances

Back 30

List of grievances the 3rd estate made to the government. Included high taxes and discrepancy between wealthy and poor.

Front 31

Tennis Court Oath

Back 31

a pledge, "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established" signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789