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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Catalyzes the hydrolysis of α- glycosidic linkages of starch and glycogen to produce smaller polysaccharides and disaccharide – maltose |
Salivary enzyme or α-amylase |
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The primary site for the carbohydrate digestion |
Small intestine |
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The final step in carbohydrate digestion |
Outer membranes of intestinal mucosal cells |
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Hydrolyses maltose to glucose |
Maltase |
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Hydrolyses sucrose to glucose and fructose |
Sucrase |
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are absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall |
Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose |
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Hydrolyses lactose to glucose and galactose |
Lactase |
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Are converted to products of glucose metabolism in the liver |
Galactose and Fructose |
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The glucose in the tissues may be: |
a) oxidized to CO2 and H2O (ATP) b) converted to fat c) converted to muscle glycogen |
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates |
• Following absorption the monosaccharides are carried by the portal vein to the liver where galactose and fructose are enzymatically converted to glucose intermediates that enter into the glycolysis pathway • The glucose may then pass into the general circulatory system to be transported to the tissues or converted to glycogen reserve in the liver |
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• also known as blood sugar levels. • measured after a fast of 8-12 hours. • highest about 1 hour after carbohydrate-containing meal • returns to normal after 2-2½ hours. • regulated by the liver. |
Blood glucose levels |
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Is a blood sugar level below normal fasting level |
Hypoglycemia |
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Is a blood sugar level above normal level. |
Hyperglycemia |
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• a blood sugar level above 180 mg/100 mL. • the blood sugar level at which the sugar not completely reabsorbed by the kidneys. • exceeded when glucose is excreted in the urine, a condition called glucosuria |
Renal threshold |
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Three major hormones control carbohydrate metabolism: |
Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine |
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• 51 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the pancreas • Promotes utilization of glucose by cells • The release of insulin is triggered by high blood-glucose levels • Its function is to lower blood glucose levels by enhancing the formation ofglycogen from glucose (glycogen synthesis) • The mechanism for insulin action involves insulin binding to proteins receptors on the outer surfaces of cells which facilitates entry of the glucose into the cells |
Insulin |
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• 29 amino acid peptide hormone produced in the pancreas • Released when blood glucose levels are low • Principal function is to increase blood-glucose concentration by speeding up the conversion of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) in the liver • Glucagon elicits the opposite effects of insulin |
Glucagon |
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• Released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement • Function is similar to glucagon, i.e., stimulates glycogenolysis • Primary target of epinephrine is muscle cells • Promotes energy generation for quick action |
Epinephrine (also called adrenaline) |
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There are six major metabolic pathways of glucose: |
1. Glycogenesis 2. Glycogenolysis 3. Gluconeogenesis 4. Hexose monophosphate shunt 5. Glycolysis 6. Citric Acid Cycle |
