Ca Geology Powerpoint L #18

Front 1

___ and ___ dictate water resourcesand usable (usually fresh/potable) water is afundamental factor determining location ofcivilizations (cities) and the size ofpopulations.

Back 1

Geology and climate;

Front 2

We have the ___ totransport large amounts of water hundreds miles from source area to user areas(agriculture, industries, population centers)using canals, pumps and pipes. As a result, our society is becoming more andmore dependent on an expensive latticeworkof brilliant engineering and complexinfrastructure that cross a LOT of faults.

Back 2

technology;

Front 3

As Engineer ___ said, “The morethey overthink the plumbing, theeasier it is to stop up the drain.” ___ to __, Star Trek IV: TheVoyage Home.

Back 3

Scott;

Scott to Captain Kirk;

Front 4

Fresh water is vanishing.

Back 4

SEWAGE WATER WILL ALWAYS BE THERE FOR US :D

Front 5

Water comes from the ___. Infrastructure is amazing. It crosses faults. Remember water is the SAME water til the end of time (recycled).

Back 5

North;

Front 6

In major disasters, the government doesn't take care of you. Mostly civilians just helping each other out so save water for __ hours.

Back 6

72 hours;

Front 7

Most of the state is a semi-desert naturally suitable or unsuitable for agriculture or majorcities.

Back 7

unsuitable

Front 8

Precipitation is seasonal, falling almost entirely between ___ and ___. ON TEST FOR SURE

Back 8

October and April

Front 9

The water in California is or is not where most of the people live?

Back 9

IS NOT where people live.

Front 10

Years of drought and years of flood are part of the normal, natural pattern. The natural cycles are full of drought and floods. Why is the CA flood today unique to us?

Back 10

Only because it is the greatest drought measured by humans. It is unprecedented for modern records. BUT over GEOLOGIC time, this drought is not a big deal. Have had worse/similar before.

Front 11

38+ million people are thirsty. The population expands faster than the supply infrastructure.As a result we seem to spend a lot of time on the edge of disaster. California survives on a complex infrastructure of dams (1,300 of them!), canals,aqueducts, wells, and pipes. Who is the biggest water user?

Back 11

L.A.

Front 12

Much of California is a Semi-Desert to Mediterranean climate. Professor Blunt and Negrini used proxy data to interpretstream streamflow into ancient Tulare Lake found a ___ year drought from 7,500 years ago. Thus, the current drought is NOT a record in GEOLOGIC TIME. Dendrochronology is useful for finding this out.

Back 12

1,000 year;

Front 13

Most storms come to the west coast of the USA from the __ and ___. Some storms will come into the SW USA from the south (“monsoons” from as far as gulf). Topography is relatively high and mountainous which affects storms.

Back 13

West and Northwest;

Front 14

Precipitation in U.S. is not evenly divided. In CA, the majority of water falls in ___ of the delta. They are the source area. The problem is, the biggest population centers are in the __ with ___ being the biggest. These are the consumers. The ___are mad because they want to keep "their" water and want to cede.

Back 14

North; South;

LA;

North;

(North: Supply = 75% Demand = 25% while

South: Supply = 20% Demand = 80%)

Front 15

From where to we get our water? __ is critical for supplying water to the reservoirs and users during the dry, hot agriculture growing months. __ that can catch and store ground water are critical for recharging the subsurface supplies.

Back 15

Recycled naturally;

Rain October-April (sometimes Nov-March);

Snowpack;

Basins;

Front 16

Deluge-amounts of non-stop rainduring the 1862 floods. Records of “37inches” rain fell in San Francisco and“102 inches” of rain fell in Sonora.In Los Angeles it rained incessantly for28 days.

Back 16

Sacramento Valley Superstorm of 1861/62

Front 17

Per the Los Angeles almanac, CA’s record for rainfall for a 24-hour period was 26.12 inches occurring January 22-23, 1943 at Hoegees Camp in Los Angeles County (18 miles north of LA City Hall inthe San Gabriel Mtns.)

Back 17

Hoegees Camp 26.12 inches

Front 18

Most water gets recycled through the ___.

Back 18

Hydrogeological cycle

Front 19

Surface flow or ___ transport water & “drain” the backcountry. Sculpt the landscape very effectively. Moves sand, silt, mud, debris, & nutrients down flow. Build deltas and levees adding to land and sand for beaches along coast. Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers naturally “flush” contaminants through and out of SanFrancisco Bay. Center for biological activity. BREEDING ground for a lot of fish.

Back 19

Rivers;

Front 20

Surface water or ___ store a lot of water. Centers for biological diversity. Home for a lot of aquatic creatures. Complex biological systems. Have tremendous recreational value

Back 20

Lakes;

Front 21

____ collect the rain water and funnel it into channels that carry it down slope. Water goes from up to down. Development on the alluvial fans reduces infiltration & flood events put those developments atrisk. [previous answer] full of sediments are great for catching, absorbing, and storing the runoff. Urbanization can reduce infiltration because of all of the asphalt and concrete.

Back 21

Drainage Basins/Watersheds

Front 22

Cross Section of a Stream Channel to calculate stream flow. What do you need to calculate stream flow?

Back 22

Width

Depth

Velocity

Discharge

Front 23

Stream Hydrograph Stations: Colorado River Basin

Back 23

k

Front 24

Fed. Gov. & CA have investedbillions of dollars to build world-class systems to transport water. Tremendous impact to CA’s growth & prosperity. But at a cost to the environment & in periods ofresource competition, control of the resource andinfrastructure is becoming contentious (controversial).

Back 24

Cost to environment & who controls structure.

Front 25

___ is water that is controlled & managed within the system of dams,reservoirs, canals, pipes, etc. Total water is all water in California including thatin wild and scenic rivers.

Back 25

"Developed water" (more accurate in depicting the water situation)

Front 26

__% of water comes from NorthernCA. __% of demand from southern or about ___. ON TEST FOR SURE.

Back 26

75%; 80% or 2/3rds;

Front 27

__-__% of water used for agriculture. The Urban user uses __%. ON TEST FOR SURE.

Back 27

70-80%; 10%;

Front 28

Most Californians use about __% oftheir residential water on outdoorlandscaping. ON TEST FOR SURE.

Back 28

60%

Front 29

Groundwater is NOT like surface water. Experiment: Fill mason jars with layersof sand, clay, gravel thenadd water and observehow water moves.

Back 29

SHANGALANGA DING DONG

Front 30

Groundwater fills the spaces between soil particles and fractured rock beneath the earth's surface. ___ the water table is 100% water.

Back 30

Below;

Front 31

Refers to the % of void (empty) space in sediment or rock to store water; the volume of aquifer that consists of empty space. This empty space is used to store water. This tells us how much water we have.

Back 31

Porosity

Front 32

___ measures the interconnection of pores in a rock material(“efficiency of flow”). How easy material flows through. Allows water to move through the aquifer and into the well.Permeability influences well yield (how many gallons per minute a well canpump).

Back 32

Permeability;

Hint 32

Sort of like the difference between sucking aStarbucks Frappuccino through a small straw or their BIG straw. The cup is ahuge pore but sucking the Frappuccino out is much easier through the big straw.

Front 33

Permeable materials are called aquifers. There are two main types. What are they?

Back 33

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer

Front 34

Aquifer whose upper surface is a water table free to fluctuate. Its upper surface (water table) is open to the atmosphere through permeable material.

Back 34

Unconfined aquifer

Front 35

An aquifer that is sandwiched between two aquitards or less permeable layers. Confinement can ___ the waterpressure in an aquifer sufficiently high to produce an artesian well.

Back 35

Confined aquifer; raise

Front 36

From where to we get our ground water?

Back 36

Wells

Front 37

Sometimes the groundwater is naturally confined under lots of pressure that groundwater would flow to the surface without pumping. This is called ___. When the water table drops, these conditions disappear, and mechanical pumps are required to lift the water to the surface. With continued drops in the water table, wells can dry up.

Back 37

Artesian well

Hint 37

Ex. Santa Clara Valley rains 1995-1997

Front 38

Unlike a flowing well (Artesian), A non-flowing well needs a ___ to suck it out of the subsurface.

Back 38

pump

Front 39

___ or ___ retard the groundwater movement. Claylike.

Back 39

Aquitards or Aquicludes

Front 40

The water well design is steel like a screen. Properly constructed and cemented casing is critical to protect water! It starts a core of depression.

Back 40

CEMENTED CASING

Front 41

Recharge Methods Schematic:Most wells withdraw. Some wells recharge aquifers this is important to ___.

Back 41

Water banking

Front 42

The subsurface sediments are usually layered and NOT __. In many places the subsurface has layers of porous/ permeable sandfull of water called ___. In many places the aquifers are overlain or underlain by impermeable(usually clay layers) called __ or __. ALL PROBABLY ON TEST.

Back 42

homogenous;

aquifers;

aquatards/aquacludes

Front 43

Proper design and installation of wells, especially their __ iscritical to prevent cross flow or infiltration of contamination.This goes for water wells as well as oil wells!

Back 43

casing;

Front 44

____ prevents contaminants from migrating downward because it “binds” or “secures” the casing to the rock and sand. It’s essential. Remember, that it’s not unusual for wells to becaught in floods and for periods of time end up underwater (& everything else that is included in flood waters). It's how you isolate your drinking water from the sand/rock. ON TEST FOR SURE.

Back 44

Cement seal

Front 45

Groundwater does NOT behave like surface water when extracted! When pumped develops a __ wherein the water levels drop immediately around the well. It propagates laterally as the entire water table is drawn down. Multiple wells can interfere with each other and water table drops.

Back 45

Cone of Depression;

Hint 45

Front 46

Lowering water tables is not without consequence. In some areas extraction in onearea can lower table and

1: ___,

2: Dry ___ beyond the point where tree and other plant roots cansurvive.

3: Can have devastating ___ consequences

Back 46

Dewater rivers;

Vadose/unsaturated zones

environmental consequences;

Front 47

When we overpump or ___, the water table drops and the water pressure decreases. The pore spaces collapse, the grains shift together, and compaction occurs. This creates a ___ aquifer that holds less water now. Will never recover even with reduced pumping & wet years.

Back 47

overdraft; depleted aquifer;

Front 48

When overdraft depletes an aquifer, the land surface above it also collapses causing a land-surface sinking known as ___.

Back 48

subsidence

Front 49

__ refers to the inflow of salt water into freshwater aquifers.

Back 49

saltwater intrustion