C1 Ocr Gateway Revision

Front 1

thermocromatic Pigments

Back 1

-Change colour when heated or cooled
-Used in acrylic paints

Front 2

Phosphorescent Pigments

Back 2

-Absorb and store energy to release as light when it's dark
-The first glow in the dark paints were made from radioactive materials

Front 3

Fossil Fuels
(Three Types)

Back 3

-Crude Oil
-Coal
-Natural Gas

Front 4

Fossil Fuels
(Properties)

Back 4

-Formed naturally over millions of years
-Finite and non-renewable
-Easily extracted
-Used too quickly

Front 5

Crude Oil
(Properties and Uses)

Back 5

-Oil spills damage wildlife and beaches
-Found in the Earth's crust
-Transported through pipelines or oil tankers
-Detergents are used to break up oil slicks with toxic chemicals that can harm wildlife

Front 6

Fractional Distillation
(Process)

Back 6

Oil is heated in a fractioning column with a catalyst. Hydrocarbons with low boiling points leave at the top, and those with high leave at the bottom.

Front 7

Fractions of Cracking Hydrocarbons

(Lowest to Highest Boiling Point)

Back 7

-LPG

-Petrol

-Paraffin

-Diesel

-Heating Oil

-Fuel

-Bitumen

Front 8

Hydrocarbons

(Bonds)

Back 8

-Strong covalent bonds

-Weak intermolecular bonds

Front 9

Complete Combustion

(Word and Symbol Equation)

Back 9

Methane + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water

CH4 + 2O2 ---> CO2 + 2H2O

Front 10

Incomplete Combustion

(Word and Symbol Equation)

Back 10

Methane + Oxygen--->Carbon Monoxide + Water

2CH4 + 3O2 ---> 2CO2 + 4H2O

Front 11

Factors Affecting Choosing Fuels

(Six Factors)

Back 11

-Energy Value

-Availability

-Storage

-Cost

-Toxicity

-Pollution

Front 12

Photosynethesis

Back 12

Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a by-product

Front 13

Respiration

Back 13

Living things take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide

Front 14

Combustion

Back 14

Reactions between fuel and oxygen that release heat

Front 15

The Earth's Atmosphere (1)

Back 15

-Earth released gases from the crust in a volcanic state.

-The initial atmosphere was ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapour.

Front 16

The Earth's Atmosphere (2)

Back 16

Water vapour condensed to water as the earth cooled.

Formed oceans removed some CO2 through dissolving.

Front 17

The Earth's Atmosphere (3)

Back 17

Nitrifying Bacteria released fairly unreactive Nitrogen gas

Front 18

The Earth's Atmosphere (4)

Back 18

Oxygen level increased with the development of plants that could photosynthesise, removing CO2 from the atmosphere.

Front 19

Sulfur Dioxide

(Formation and Effects)

Back 19

-Made from the burning of fossil fuels containing sulfur impurities

-Causes acid rain

-Harms plants and aquatic life

-erodes stonework and corrodes iron work

Front 20

Nitrogen Oxides

(Formation and Effects)

Back 20

-Made from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in car engines

-causes photochemical fog and acid rain

Front 21

Burning Fossil Fuels...

Back 21

Increases the amount of CO2

Front 22

Deforestation....

Back 22

Causes a decrease in photosynthesis so a decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

Front 23

Turning Carbon Monoxide into Carbon Dioxide

Back 23

Uses a catalytic Converter to create nitrogen and oxygen from the reaction of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide

Front 24

Hydrogen and Carbon Atoms

(Bonds)

Back 24

Hydrogen atoms make one bond

Carbon Atoms make four bonds

Carbon atoms share a pair of electrons with hydrogen atoms to form a covalent bonds

Front 25

Alkanes

Back 25

Hydrocarbon chains with single covalent bonds

Front 26

Alkenes

Back 26

Hydrocarbon chains with double covalent bonds

Front 27

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Back 27

Max amount of hydrogen atoms for each carbon

Front 28

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Back 28

Not the max amount of hydrogen atoms for each carbon

Front 29

Bromine Water Tests

Back 29

Alkenes decolourise in bromine water

Front 30

Polymers

Back 30

Molecules in plastics

Front 31

Polymerisation

Back 31

The process of joining monomers (Alkenes made from cracking) under high presssure to make polymers

Front 32

Polythene

(Properties and Uses)

Back 32

Properties
-Light
-Flexible

-Easily Moulded

-Can be printed on

Uses
-Plastic Bags

-Moulded Containers

Front 33

Polystyrene

(Properties and Uses)

Back 33

Properties

-Light

-Poor conductor of heat

Uses

-Insulation

Front 34

Polyester

(Properties and Uses)

Back 34

Properties

-Light Weight

-Waterproof

-Tough

-Can be coloured

Uses

Clothing

Bottles

Front 35

Plastics with weak intermolecular forces between polymer molecules....

Back 35

-Have low melting points

-Can be stretched easily

Front 36

Plastics with strong intermolecular forces between polymer molecules....

Back 36

-Have high melting points

-Rigid and can't be stretched

Front 37

Nylon

(Properties)

Back 37

-Lightweight

-Tough

-Waterproof

-Blocks UV Light

-Doesn't let water vapour escape ---> Perspiration

Front 38

Gore Tex

Back 38

-Made from nylon

-Holes in fabric are too small for water to pass through but water vapour can be released.

-Nylon fibres are laminated with a membrane to allow water vapour release

Front 39

Landfill Sites

(Con's)

Back 39

-Plastics are non-bio-degradable so they won't break down from bacteria and decay

-Wastes valuable resources

-Landfill sites get filled up very quickly

Front 40

Burning Polymers

(Con's)

Back 40

-Produces Air Pollution

-Some plastics produce toxic fumes when they are burned

-Wastes valuable resources

Front 41

Recycling Polymers

(Con's)

Back 41

-Expensive

-Time Consuming

Front 42

Bio-degradable Plastics

Back 42

-Contain parts to dissolve and break up the polymer chain easily

-Dishwasher Detergent Tablets

Front 43

Heating eggs and meat causes the molecules to _____ which is an ______ _______ that causes the ________ and _______ to change

Back 43

Heating eggs and meat causes the molecules to denature which is an irreversable process that causes the texture and appearance to change

Front 44

Cooking Potatoes

(Effect of heat on starch)

Back 44

-Heat breaks down the rigid cell wall so the cells becomes soft.

-Starch grains swell up and are released so the body can digest them easily.

Front 45

Baking Powder

(Equation)

Back 45

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

--------Heat------->

Sodium Carbonate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Front 46

Limewater Test

Back 46

Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky

Front 47

Antioxidants

Back 47

Stop food from reacting with oxygen in the air

Front 48

Food Colours

Back 48

Improve the appearance of food

Front 49

Flavour Enhancers

Back 49

Enhance the flavour of the food without adding a new taste

Front 50

Emulsifiers

Back 50

help mix oil and water

Front 51

Hydrophobic End

Back 51

Doesn't like water

Front 52

Hydropholic End

Back 52

Likes water

Front 53

Natural Sources of Perfumes

(Three Sources)

Back 53

-Lavender

-Musk

-Rose

Front 54

Manufactured Perfumes are called....

Back 54

Synthetic Perfumes

Front 55

Esters

(Equation)

Back 55

Acid + Alcohol ----> Ester + Water

Front 56

Properties of Perfume

(Five)

Back 56

Volatile (Molecules held together by weak forces)

Non toxic

Non irritant

Insoluble

Won't react with water

Front 57

Soluble Substances

Back 57

Substances that dissolve in water

Front 58

Insoluble Substances

Back 58

Substances that don't dissolve in liquid

Front 59

Solvent

Back 59

The liquid in which substances are dissolved

Front 60

Solute

Back 60

Substance dissolved

Front 61

Solution

Back 61

Product of solvent and solute

Front 62

Colloids have _____ ______ particles that are _____ and must stay scattered throughout the mixture

Back 62

Colloids have very small particles that are solid and must stay scattered throughout the mixture

Front 63

Pigment

Back 63

Gives paint colour

Front 64

Binding Medium

Back 64

Oil that sticks pigment to surface

Front 65

Solvent

Back 65

Thins the binding medium to ease painting, evaporates once paint is dry

Front 66

Oil-Based Paints dry when....

Back 66

The solvent evaporates away and the binding medium oxidates with the air as it dries to form a hard layer.