Botany Final

Front 1

What is primary growth?

What is secondary growth?

Back 1

Primary growth is how vascular plants extend. Initiated by apical meristems which are located close to the tips of roots and shoots.

Secondary growth is the thickening of stems and roots. Initiated by lateral meristems.

Front 2

How do Bryophytes fertilize?

Back 2

Water

Front 3

What is homosporous and heterosprous plants?

Back 3

Homosporous plants produce one type of spore. Heterosporous plants produce two types of spores.

Front 4

What are hydroids and leptoids?

Back 4

Hydroids and leptoids are the water and food conducting cells in most mosses.

Front 5

What are embryophytes? Bryophytes? Tracheophytes?

Back 5

Embryophytes- Plants

Bryophytes- Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts

Tracheophytes- Vascular plants

Front 6

What are rhizoids?

Back 6

Rhizoids are Bryophyte roots.

Front 7

Name the three tissue systems in vascular plants and their functions

Back 7

Dermal- Outer, protective layer

Vascular- Food and water conducting tissues ~Xylem and Phloem

Ground

Front 8

What is stele? What types of steles are there?

Back 8

Stele is the central cylinder inside roots and stems.

Types:

Protostele- Simplest and oldest, occurs in roots

Siphonstele- Central pith surrounded by vascular tissues, seen in seedless vascular plants

Eustele- Vascular cylinder consists of a system of discrete strands around pith, seen in seed plants

Front 9

What is megaphyll and microphyll?

Back 9

Microphylls are small leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue.

Megaphylls are seen in siphonsteles and eusteles and have a complex system of branching veins

Front 10

Which plants are heterosporous and what do they produce?

Back 10

All seed plants are heterosprous and they produce microspores (m) and megaspores (f)

Front 11

What is an ovule?

Back 11

The structure that develops into a seed

Front 12

Define gymnosperm and what plants do they include?

Back 12

Gymnosperms are plants that have seeds which are not protected by an ovary or fruit.

They include cycads, confiers and ginkgo.

Front 13

What are the two types of seed plants?

Back 13

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 14

What are parenchymal cells and what do they do?

Back 14

Parenchymal cells are active in photosynthesis, cell division, storage, water movement, food transport, and regeneration/wound healing. They are the most common cells in the plant body.

Front 15

What is germination? What is necessary to germinate?

Back 15

Germination is the resumption of embryo growth. It requires water, oxygen, proper temperature, and sometimes light.

Front 16

What are the roots 4 primary functions?

Back 16

Anchorage, storage, absorption, and conduction

Front 17

What is a rootcap?

Back 17

A rootcap is a massing of parenchymal cells, which protect the apical meristem, and aid in penetration of soil.

Front 18

What are lenticels?

Back 18

Lenticels are a portion of the periderm with intercellular spaces used for gas exchange.

Front 19

Out of the essential elements, name the 9 macronutrients:

Back 19

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Potassium, Calcium, Sulfur, Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Magnesium.

Front 20

Out of the essential elements, name the 8 micronutrients:

Back 20

Chlorine, Iron, Boron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Nickle, Molybdenum

Front 21

Name the beneficial elements (5):

Back 21

Aluminum, Colbalt, Sodium, Selenium, Silcon.

Front 22

Define necrosis

Back 22

The death of tissues - a nutrient deficiency

Front 23

What is chlorosis?

Back 23

The loss of Chlorophyll, causes yellowing - nutrient deficiency

Front 24

How do plant cells absorb water?

Back 24

Osmosis

Front 25

What are hydraulic redistribution?

Back 25

The passage of water from wet soil to dry soil via roots