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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxon
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A classification; hierarchical list
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Domain
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Highest classification of a plant or animal
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What domain/kingdom are plants in?
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Eukarya, Kingdom plantae
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What do brophytes consist of?
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Mosses, Hornworts, Liverworts
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What are the two types of vascular plants?
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Seedless, Seed
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What are the 3 major life cycle types?
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Zygotic Meiosis, Gametic Meiosis, Sporic Meisos
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Monophyletic Group
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Composed of an ancestor and all o fit's decendants
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What is the order of categorizing a species?
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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What 3 types of "plants" aren't actually plants?
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Algae, Fungi, Prokaryotes
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During the sporophytic phase, what do all kingdom plantae have?
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An embryo
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What is the result of gametic, sporic, and zygotic meiosis?
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Gametes restoring diploid state (only by coming together), spores that can form multicellular haploid organisms directly, zygote formed that divides meiotically restoring haploid state
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Why are bryophytes in kingdom plantae, what defines them? (6 reasons)
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1) male and female gametangia, antharidia and archegonia
2) retains both zygote and sporophyte 3) presence of multicellular sporophyte (2n) 4) Multicellular sporangia 5) Meiospores with walls containing sporopollenin 6) Tissues produced by apical meristem |
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Xylem (functions)
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water conducting tissue, support and food-storage, derived from procambium (primary) or vascular cambium (secondary), contain tracheary elements, and parenchyma, dead when functional
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Phloem
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food conducting tissue, transports nutrients/proteins, contains sieve cells, albuminous cells companion cells and parenchyma
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Do Bryophytes have xylem? phloem?
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No, no
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Rhizoid (and function)
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Hair-like extensions from lower epidermal cells that serve to anchor plants
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Antharidia
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Where sperm is produced by mitosis
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Microspore mother cell
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Cell that gives rise by meiosis to four haploid cells that develop into spores
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What do male gametophytes produce?
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Antharidia
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What do female gametophytes produce?
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Archegonia
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In mosses are sperm dependent on water to get to arcehgonium?
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Yes
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Protonema
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Small growth that appears from spore when germinated, which usually gives rise a mature gametophyte (1st stage)
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Flagellate cell (example)
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Contains flagellus, a whip-like appendage that can be a sensory organelle (like in sperm)
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Sori
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Clusters of sporangia on leaves
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Sporangia
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Structures producing and containing spores
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In ferns, do the sperm require water to get to archegonium?
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Yes
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What can gametophytes produce?
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Rhizoids
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Spermatagenous Cells (function)
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Produce sperm that swim to archegonium
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Venter
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The swollen basal portion enclosing an egg cell
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What happens to zygote when egg and sperm join?
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Zygote stays in archegonium and is nourished by maternal gametophyte
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Matrotrophy
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When zygote is nourished by maternal gametophyte
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What happens when a zygote undergoes matrotrophy?
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Mitotic divisions generating an embryo
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In bryophytes, what does embryo develop into?
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Mature sporophyte
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Placenta (and function)
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Between sporophyte and gametophyte, composed of transfer cells and aids in nutrient transport
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What parts constitute the sporophyte?
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Foot, Seta, Capsule/sporangium
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Stomata (function)
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Aid in uptake of CO2 by sporophyte
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Sporopollenin
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Allows spores to survive with chemical resistant bipolymer, outer wall of pollen
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Gametangia
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Organ where gametes are produced
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Seta
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Stalk supporting capsule of a bryophyte
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Epidermis
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Single layer of cells that covers a plant's leaves, flowers, roots and stems, protects them
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Can sporophytes carry out photosynthesis?
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Yes
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Peristome
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Ring of teeth surrounding the opening of the capsule
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Carpel
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Ovule and seed producing organ in flowering
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Capsule
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Made up of two or more carpels encasing sporophytes
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Life Cycle of moss (Bryophyte)
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1) Spores (1n) germinate and become gametophytes
2) Gametophytes form archegonia and antheridia 3) Sperm fertilizes egg in Archegonium 4) Zygote (2n) becomes an embryo 5) Embryo becomes sporophyte 6) Sporophyte (2n) is fed by female gametophytes 7) Meiosis occurs within capsule to form spores (1n) |
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In vascular plants, is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
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Sporophyte
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What is the dominant generation is moss? (bryophytes)
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Gametophyte
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Do seedless vascular plants require water for fertilization?
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Yes
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What are two functions of the root system?
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Absorb water and minerals, anchor plant
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Primary function of shoot system?
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Photosynthesis
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What is Tissue?
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Similar cells from same origin carrying out a function
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What are the three main types of tissue?
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Vascular, Dermal, Ground
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Which tissue contains phloem/xylem?
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Vascular tissue
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How do plants undergo primary growth?
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Apical meristems
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What is the function of the vascular cambium?
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To produce secondary growth tissue (widen plant)
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What kind of tissue is seed?
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Diploid (2n)
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What part of the seed/integument can sperm pass through?
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Micropyle
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What is inside the seed?
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Megasporangium (nucellus)
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Megasporangium
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Organ that produces megaspores through meiosis (called a functional megaspore)
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In a pine tree, what do the microspores form? functions?
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Prothallial cells which is sterile and disintegrates, and generative cell, which fertilizes with egg
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Tacheid cells (properties and function)
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Conducting cells (of water) in xylem, have strong lignified walls, provide channels for water passage
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What are the two types of tracheary elements?
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Tracheid cells, vessel elements
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Vessel Elements
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Water-conducting cells in angiosperms
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What is a defining characteristic between vascular and non-vascular plants?
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Lack of phloe/xylem, which is turn is a lack of trachiads
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Differences between tracheids and vessel elements
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Vessel elements are wider and can conduct water more quickly, tracheids are stronger but less specialized, more primitive, vessel elements only in angiosperms
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What is another word for pollen grains?
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Microgametophyte
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Pollination
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When microgametophytes are carried to megagametophyte
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Homosporous
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Only one kind of spore emerges from meiosis
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Life cycle of homosporous fern
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1) Spores produced in sporangia by meiosis
2) Spores germinate and become gametophyte 3) Archegonium and antheridium are formed in gametophyte 4) Sperm join egg to form zygote which gives rise to an embryo 5) Embryo forms into a sporophyte (nutritionally dependent at first) |
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Heterosporous (what type of plant is always this?)
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Two different kinds of spores. Seed plants
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Megaspores and microspores give rise to what?
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Megagametophyte and microgametophyte
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Ovule
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Structure that develops into a seed
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Seed
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Mature ovule containing an embryo
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Immature ovule
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Megasporangium surrounded by integument
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Integument
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One or two layers of protective tissue
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What does the ovule consist of? (3 things)
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Micropyle, nucellus, integument
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Seed coat
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Mature integument
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Is water required for fertilization in gymnosperms?
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No
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How does fertilization occur in gymnosperms?
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Pollen tube grows and slowly conveys sperm to egg cell without water
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Pollen tube
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Microgametophyte produces tube from stigma to ovule
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What is a pine?
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Gymnosperm
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Cuticle
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Strong and flexible covering on organism
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Hypodermis
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Inside of epidermis with thick strong walled cells
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Vascular bundles
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Made up of xylem and phloem surrounded by parenchyma and tracheids
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Epidermis
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Single layer of cells surrounding plant for protection
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What kind of cells does xylem/phloem consist of?
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Tracheid cells/sieve cells
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In gymnosperms, what happens to the four megaspores?
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Becomes 1 megagametophyte
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What is inside a seed for gynosperms?
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Megagametophyte, embryo, seed coat
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Do seed plants form antheridia?
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No
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Life cycle of a pine (gymnosperm)
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0) Megasporocyte gives rise to functional megaspore
1) Microgametophytes transferred to megagametophyte by wind 2) Pollen grains germinate and produce pollen tube 3) Spermatagenous cell divides producing two sperm 4) Fertilization occurs via pollen tube 5) Ovule encloses megagametophyte and becomes a seed 6) Grows into adult sporophyte 7) Megasporocyte formed in cone |
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Outcrossing
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When two different individuals pollinate each other
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Soybeans are what type of plant?
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Angiosperms
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What is the dominant type of generation in angiosperms?
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Sporophyte
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Anther
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Pollen sac containing microsporocytes (male)
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Where do pollen grains germinate?
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Stigma
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In angiosperms, when the megasporocyte divides meiotically, it becomes:
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Integument and megaspores
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What happens when megagametophyte divides in soybean (angiosperms)?
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Becomes 7 cells with 8 nuclei
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Inflorescence
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Group or cluster of flowers on a stem
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What are flowers?
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Modified leaves
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Determinant shoot
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Limited growth duration for shoot
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Sporophylls
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Sporangium bearing leaves
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Peduncle
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Stalk of flower
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Receptacle
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Part of flower that connect to the stalk and all the rest of the parts connect to
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Sepals
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Petal appendages below petals
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Pistil
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Group of carpels, incuding ovary, style, stigma
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Monoecious
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Stamen and carpels on same plant
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Diecious
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Stamen and carpel found on two separate plants
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T/F Antheridia AND archegonia are not present in angiosperms
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True
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What is a fruit?
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A mature ovule
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Tapetum (function)
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Inner most layer of pollen sac wall that is nutritious, provides nutrition to microspore mother cells
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Exine
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Resistant outer wall around pollen grains containing sporopollenin
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Style
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Long extending tube from ovule
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Microgametogenesis
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Process of a microgametophyte becoming a pollen grain
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What happens to pollen grains in pollen sacs?
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They undergo mitosis and form vegetative and generative cell
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Embryo sac is the same as....
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megagametophyte
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Syngergid (and function)
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Two short-lived cells near egg in embryo sac, attract pollen tube to embryo sac
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Antipodals
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Formed by cell wall formatoin around 3 nuclei at chalazal end
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Chalazal
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End opposite micropylar end
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Nucellus
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Megasporangium tissue that encapsulates megaspore mother cell
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Life Cycle of soybean (angiosperm)
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1) Seed grows into a sporophyte
2) Sporophyte produces flowers 3) Microsporocytes are produced in others and divid meiotically 4) 4 haploid microspores form pollen grain 5) Megasporocyte develops in ovule creating megagametophyte from 4 megaspores 6) Fertilization to form zygote which becomes embryo 7) Other sperm produces primary endosperm 8) Seed is formed from integuments of ovule |
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Polarity (cause)
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Makes cells different when dividing, still same DNA though
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Cotyledons
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Absorption organs, can absorb endosperm nutrients for embryo, first leaves of plant
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Compound Umbel
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Inflorescence of short stalks that spread from a common point (think of the small puffball plants)
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Funiculus
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Stalk attaching ovule to ovary wall
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Protoderm
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Thin outer layer of meristem giving rise to epidermis
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Proembryo
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Embryo before it differentiates
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What are the 3 primary meristems?
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Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
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Which meristems are at opposite ends of the embryo?
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Shoot and root meristems
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Plumule
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Bud of a plant while still in embryo
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Epicotyl
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Embryonic shoot above cotyledons
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Embryonic Shoot
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Early leaves coming from seed or plumule
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Hypocotyl
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Embryonic shoot below cotyledons
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Coleorhiza/Coleoptile
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Shea like protective strucutres for radicle and plumule respectively
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Radicle
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An embryonic root
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Germination
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When plants resume growth from an embryo or spore
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Node
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Where a leaf or branch grows from
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What is a special function of cotyledons?
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They can photosynthesize
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Epigenous germination
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When the cotyledons are above the ground
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Hypogenous
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Cotyledons are below ground
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Pericarp
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Mature ovary wall
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What does the apical meristem of the shoot form?
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An orderly sequence of leaves, nodes and internodes
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What system are bulbs in onions part of?
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Shoot system
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What are the 3 things development is characterized by?
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Growth
Morphogenesis Differentiation |
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How is growth accomplished?
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Cell division and cell enlargement
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What is morphogenesis?
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The expansion/contraction of tissue to form shape
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Differentiation
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Process by which immature cells with identical genetics become different and specialized
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How does primary growth occur?
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An apical meristem forms tissue that allows the plant's length to increase
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How does secondary growth occur?
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It's an increase in girth caused by lateral meristems, which are the cork cambium and vascular cambium
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Which way does the vascular cambium divide?
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Laterally
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What makes up the dermal tissue?
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Epidermis, Periderm
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What makes up ground tissue?
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Parenchyma, vascular, dermal tissue
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Pith
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Region inside vascular strands/bundles
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Cortex, what does it consist of
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Region outside vascular strands/bundles, collenchyma and parenchyma
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Name some functions of parenchyma cells
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Can divide, have mostly primary walls, help with wound healing, movement of water and nutrients, photosynthesis and storage.
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Collenchyma cells (functions)
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Elongated cells, unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls, are alive at maturity when functioning, develop thick flexible walls for support
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Sclerenchyma cells (functions)
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Thick lignified secondary walls, strengthen parts of plants that have stopped growthing, contain fibers and sclerids, dead at maturity
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Sclerids
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Relatively short cells that make up seed coats
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Tracheary elements
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Tracheids and Vessel Elements
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Tracheids (what are they in)
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Elongated cells with secondary walls, contain pit membranes, can block air bubbles, gymnosperms
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Vessel Elements (what are they in)
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Have perforation plates connecting them, more efficient water conductor than tracheids, less safe for water conducting, air bubbles can restrict water flow for WHOLE vessel, in angiosperms
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Xylem Rays
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Can store nutrients, are rays towards outside of trees, are living parenchyma cells
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Stele
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Central cylinder of stem and root in primary plant body
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Perforation plate
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Openings between vessel elements
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Sieve Elements (each in what kind of organism?)
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Sieve Cells (gymnosperms) and Sieve-tube elements (angiosperms)
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Sieve Cells
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Found in gymnosperms, help movement through cells, connected to albuminous cells
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Sieve-tube elements
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Occur in angiosperms, have pore areas called sieve plates that helps movement through cells
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Fibers (function)
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Primary function is for support
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What are 3 things the epidermis consists of?
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Giard ce;;s. trocjp,es. wa;;s cpvered wotj citoc;e
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Guard Cells (and function)
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Regulate stomata to regulate gaseous exchange and water loss
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Trichomes (function, 2)
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Facilitate absorption of water/minerals from roots, can provide defense for organism
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What happens to guard cells at night, why?
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They close up to prevent water loss since no CO2 is needed for photosynthesis
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Roots main 2 functions
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Gather nutrients and anchor plant
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Fibrous root system
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When roots are spread out evenly, none of them longer or more dominant than the others
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Aerenchyma
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Air channels in leaves, stems and roots that allows for gas exchanges between root and shoot systems
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Suberin (function)
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Repels water
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Rootcap (vascular cylinder)
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Living parenchyma cells that protect apical meristem behind
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Columella (function)
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Can sense gravity
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What does the protoderm give rise to?
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Epidermis
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What does the ground meristem give rise to?
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Cortex
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What does the procambium give rise to?
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Primary vascular tissues
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Root Hairs (and function)
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Tubular extensions of the epidermal cells that aid in uptake of water/minerals
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Rhizosphere
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Layer of soil bound to root by mucigel
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What tissue system is the cortex associated with?
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Ground tissue system
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Anticlinal
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Radial/transverse walls perpendicular to root surface
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Casparian Strips (function)
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Blocks apoplastic movement of water
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Exodermis
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Outermost layer of cells on cortex that are suberized cells
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What does the vascular cylinder consist of?
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Primary vascular tissues and pericycle, protoxylem and metaxylem
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What can arise from the periderm? What does it consist of?
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Lateral roots, parenchyma cells
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Apoplastic pathway
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A pathway that goes through cell walls, outside cell
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What happens at the end of root production?
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Cortex and epidermis are shed off
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What kind of soil do roots generally grow through?
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Wet soil
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Symplastic pathway
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Pathways through cytoplasm inside cortex, through plasmadesmata
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What does the shoot system consist of?
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Stem and leaves of plant
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Where is the terminal apical meristem?
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At terminal bud, or shoot tip
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Where are leaves derived from?
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Nodes
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What do leaves consist of? (3 things)
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Leaves, Petiole, Leaf base
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Why do palms have no secondary growth, or what do they lack?
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A vascular cambium
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What are two functions of shoot system?
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Support and photosynthesis, energy
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What does phloem do in shoot system?
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Transports substances through stem
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Leaf primordia
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A group of cells that will develop into a leaf
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Bud Primordia
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Group of cells that will develop into lateral shoots
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How can stems get thicker with only primary growth?
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Cell enlargement and periclinal divisions
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What are 3 types of primary tissue?
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Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
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Leaf Traces
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Extension from vascular system towards leaves
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Leaf trace gaps
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Gaps of ground tissue in stem
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Where do buds develop?
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In axils of leaves
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Phyllotaxy
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Arrangement of leaves on stem
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Whorled
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3 or more leaves on each node
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Velamen (function)
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Capable of absorbing moisture and nutrients
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Distichus
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Leaves arranged on opposite side of stem
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Opposite
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Pairs of leaves on opposite sides coming from same node
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What are two types of compound leaves?
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Pinnately compound, palmately compound
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Pinnately compound
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Leaflets arise from either side of rachis
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Rachis
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Main axis of a compound structure
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Palmately compound
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No rachis, leaflets diverge from petiole
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What do leaflets not have that leaves do have?
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There are no buds found in axils of leaflets
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Mesophyll
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Ground tissue of leaf
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What can leaf buttresses turn in to?
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Apical meristems
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Palissade parenchyma function
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Specialized for photosynthesis
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Bundle sheath (and function)
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Surround leaves and control movement of substances in vascular tissue
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Leaf abscission
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process of leaf separating from the stem
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How can oxygen spread to all parts of the plant?
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Intercellular spaces can get pressurized and spread gasses
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What are the two layers where the stem connects to the petiole?
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Separation layer, protective layer
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Protective layer (function too)
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Suberized cells that retain water if leaf dies
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In what order does a flower develop?
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Sepals, petals, stamens, carpals
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Tendrils
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Modified stems or leaves that aid in support
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Cladophyll
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Resemble asparagus, do not have buds in axils
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Thorn
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Modified branch that arise in axil of leaves
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What is a function of stems besides support and photosynthesis?
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Food storage
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What is an onion?
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A bulb (shoot)
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Rhizomes
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Underground stems
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What kind of plants does secondary growth usually form?
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Woody plants
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Which direction are cells produced in secondary growth?
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Radially
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Ray Initials
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Initiating/meristematic cell that give rise to radial system of secondary xylem/phloem
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What kind of meristems does the vascular cambium have?
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Fusiform initials and ray initials
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What must happen to vascular cambium when volume of xylem increases?
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Periclinal divisions to stay in tact
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Lenticels (and function)
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Portions of the periderm with intercellular space that allow for gas exchanges
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Bark
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All tissue outside vascular cambium
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What is wood?
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Secondary xylem
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Resin Ducts (and function)
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Large intercellular spaces lined with parenchyma and protects plant
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Torus
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Thickened central portion of pit membrane consisting of middle lamella and 2 primary walls
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Where is the phloem living?
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In inner bark
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What does the outer bark consist of?
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Cork cambium and periderm
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Compression Wood
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Formed in conifers (gymnosperms) to help hold up limbs
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What do growth rings form from?
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Periodic activity of vascular cambium
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Describe porous structure in angiosperms vs. gymnosperms
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Ring porous (bigger pores in early wood vs. late wood in gymnosperms), diffiuse porous (uniform distribution and size of pores in angiosperms)
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Tension Wood
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In angiosperms that helps hold branches up
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Plant hormones (describe)
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Chemical signals that cause a reaction to occur
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Auxin (functions)
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Produced in leaves, controls cell expansion by loosening microfibrils in cells,
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What did Darwin conclude about plants and light?
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That plants could sense light and grew towards it and found that the tip was the part that sensed it
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Fritz Went (1926)
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Not heat, light, recorded amount of hormone auxin was present on each side and concluded that auxin enlarged cells
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W Briggs
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Found that light doesn't have to do with production of auxin, only auxin moves away from light, a process known as phototropism
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Gravitropism
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A process by which plants tell up from down
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Amyoplasts and gravitropism
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Contain specialized amyoplasts known as statoliths that are heavier than cytoplasm and can sense gravity in this way
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Circadian Rhythm
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A process that senses time and recurs daily, can be a number of different processes
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Entrainment (consists of two things)
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Picking up environmental cues to reset internal clock, phytochrome (red light) and cryptochrome (blue light)
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Gated
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Plant's sensitivity to external cues are dependent on upon what phase of it's certain cycle it's in
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Transcriptional negative feedback loop
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Turns transcription of mRNA on and off, proteins require light to become active
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Cohesion-Tension Theory
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Water sticks together and tension of the column (tree) brings the water up
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Pressure-flow hypothesis
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Sugars pumped by diffusion
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