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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Which type of cartilage is most plentiful in the adult body?, |
The Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage. |
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What two body structures contain flexible elastic cartilage? |
External ear and epiglottis |
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Cartilage grows by interstitial growht? What does this mean. |
That the interstitial growth is grown from within |
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What are the 3 types of cartilages. |
The three types of cartilages are Hyaline cartilage Elastic Fibrocartilages |
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Skeletal cartilage |
Cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function |
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What does cartilage consists primarily of? |
Water ... Ability to return back to its normal shape |
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Cartilage |
Has no blood No nerves Surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue. |
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What is perichondrium? |
Girdle to resist outward expansion Blood vessels nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells internally All have chondrichthyes |
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Hyaline Cartilage |
Looks like frosted glass Provides support with flexibility and resilience Most abundant Chondrichthyes are spherical |
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What are the different types of hyalime cartilage. |
Articular cartilage Costal cartilage Respiratory cartilage Nasal cartilage |
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Articular cartilage |
Covers the end of most bones. |
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Costal Cartilage |
Connects ribs to sternum. |
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Respiratory cartilage |
Skeletons of larynx |
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Nasals Cartilage |
Support the external nose |
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Elastic Cartilage |
Resemble hyaline cartilage More strechy elastic fibers External ear and epiglottis |
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Fibro cartilages |
Tenail strength. Parallel rows chondrichthyes alternating w/ collagen fibers The knee Disk between vertebrates |
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Growth of cartilage |
Oppositional growht Interstitial growth |
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Appositional |
Cartilage forming cells in surrounding pericardium secrete new matrix against external face of exis cartilage tissue. |
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Interstitial growth |
The lacunae bound chondrocute and secrete new matrix expanding cartilage whithim |
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Cartilage stops growing at adolescence. |
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What is the functional relationship between skeletal muscles and bones.? |
Skeletal muscle uses bones as levers to cause movement of the body and its parts |
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What two types of substances are stored on bone matrix |
Bone matrix stores minerals and growht factors. |
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Describe 2 functions of bones marrow cavities.? |
Produces hematopoiseis.(blood), And fat storage |
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How many functions does the bones perform. |
7 |
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What are the 7 functions of Bone |
Support. Protection Anchorage Mineral and growho factor storage Blood cells formation Trygliceride(fat storage) Hormome production. |
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Support |
Provides the framework that supports the body and craddles soft organs |
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Protection |
Fused bones of skull protect the brain Protects vital organs |
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Anchorage |
Skeletal muscles which attach to bone by tendons use bones as levers to move the body and it's parts Allows us to walk, grasp, breathe The design of joint determines the types of movement possible |
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Mineral and Growth factor storage |
Bone is a reservoir for minerals, calcium and phosphate. The stored mineral are released into blood streams |
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Blood cell formation |
Hematopoiesis occurs on the red bone marrow Cavities of certain bones |
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Triglyceride storage |
Fat, source of energy for body an stored on bone cavities |
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Hormone production |
Bone produces osteocalcin a hormone that helps to regulate insulin secretion glucose homeostasis. Energy expenditure. |
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What are the components of the axial skeleton? |
The components of axial skeleton protects, supports, carry other body parts |
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Contrast the general function of the axial and and appendicular skeleton? |
Axial skeleton gives US support while the appendicular allows movement within the bones. |
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What class do the ribs and skull bones fall into? |
They are in flat bones category. |
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Bones are classified by their location and shape |
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Axial skeleton |
Form the long axis Skull , vertebral column,rib cage Protects and supports carries other body parts |
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Appendicular skeleton |
Bones of the upper and lower limbs and grinsles that attach to the axial skeleton. Locomotion |
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What are the classification of bones |
Long Short Flat Irregular |
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Long bones |
Longer than wide Elongated shape All limb bones Except patella wrist and ankle |
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Short bones |
Cube shaped Wrist and ankle Sesamoid bones. Type of short bone that form in tendon Alter the direction of pull in a tendon. |
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Flat bones |
Thin Flattend Bit curved Breastbone, shoulder blades,ribs,skull bones |
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Irregular bones |
Complicated shapes. Vertebrae. Hip bones. |
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Are crests ,tubercles, and spines bony projections or depressions? |
They are projections |
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How does the structure of compact bone to spongy deffer when looked with the naked eye? |
Compact bone looks solid as spongy bone has an open network of bone trabeculae |
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Which membranes limes the internal canals and covers the trabeculae of a bone? |
Filled with red or yellow marrow |
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Which component of bone makes it hard. |
Inorganic structure makes it hard |
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Bones don't begin with bone tissue . what do they begin with ? |
They beging with hyaline cartilage |
They beging with hyaline cartilage |
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When describing endochral ossification. Some say bone chaces cartilage . what does that mean? |
The cartilage model grows the breaks and replaced by bone |
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Where is the primary ossification located on long bone? Where are the secondary ossification centers located? |
Primary ossification is in the shaft. Diaphysis The secondary ossification is in the proximal epiphysis |
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As long bone grows in lenght. What is happening in the hyperthropic zone of epiphyseal plate. |
The chondrocytes are enlarging and their lacunae are breaking down and leaving holes on the cartilage matrix |
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If osteoclasts in a long bone are more active than osteoblast how will bone mass change. |
The bone mass will decrease |
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Which stimulus PTH or mechanical forces acting on the skeleton is more important in mantaining homeostatic blood calcium levels? |
The hormonal stimulus maintains homeostatic blood calcium level |
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How do bone growth and bone remodeling differ.? |
Bone growth increase bone mass, as during childhood or when exceptional stress is placed on bone. Bone remodeling follows bone growth to manraim the proper proportion of bone considering stresses placed upon it |
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Which bone disorder is characterized by excessive deposit of weak ,poorly mineralized bone? |
Paget's disease |
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What are 3 measures that may help to mantaim healthy done density? |
Calcium vitamin D supplements,weight bearing excersises and hormone replacement therapy. |
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What name is given to adult rickets.? |
Osteomalacia |
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What does the gross structure of all bones consist of ? |
Compact Bone, and sandwiching spongy bone. |
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Why are bones considered organs |
They are considered bones BC they contain different tissues. |
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What is bone structure studied through? |
Gross anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Chemical anatomy |
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What is the gross anatomy of bone structure? |
It has compact bone and spongy bone The dense external layer is the compact bone The internal bone is spongy bone. Within spongy bone there is the trabculae The trabeculae is a honeycomb small needle like or flat pieces. It is filled with yellow or red marrow bone . |
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What are the structure of bones? |
The structure includes short. Irregular. And flat bones. |
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Bone structure |
It is simple Thin platesvof spongy bones covered by compact bone The compact bone is covered by connective tissue membranes... Periisteoum and endosteum |
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Structure of long Bone? |
Structure. Shaft. Bone ends and membranes. Dyaphysis: the shaft, thick collar of compact bone that surround a central meduallary cavity -adult have yellow marrow cavity. Epiphyses: bone ends, broader, outer layer of compact bone inferior has spongy bone. Hyaline cartilage covers the joint surface. Epiphyseal line. Between the the diaphysis and epiphysis a remnant of epiphyseal plate, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lenghten bone. |
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Membranes of the bones? |
Periousteum and endosteum |
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Periosteum |
Cover the external surface of the entire bonevexcept joint surface. The outer fibrous layer is made up desnse irregular connective tissue The inner osteogenic layer is made up of osteogenic cells. -supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels vwhich pass through shaft to enter marrow cavity via nutrient foramen. |
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What are the osteogenic cells found in the osteogenic layer |
Osteoblast ,. Bone forming cells. Osteoclast,. Bone destroying cells Osteogenic cell,. Gives rise to osteoblast. |
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Endosteum membrane |
Cover internal bone surfaces Cover the trabeculae of spongy bones. And lines the canals that pass through the compact bone Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Structure of short irregular and flat bones. |
No shaft No epiphysis Periosteum covers the compact bone Ebdisteum cover the spongy bone within Spongy bone is called diploë in flat bones Bone marrow between the trabeculae. |
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Hematopoietic tissue (red maarow) |
Found within the trabeculae in spongy bone and diploe of flat bone. Called red marrow cavities Babies have red marrow cavities Adults have yellow marrow cavities (fat) Only occurs in the head of femur Yellow marrow can be reverted back to red marrow. |
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What are Bone marking ? |
Projections. Depressions and openings |
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What is bone markng ? |
Serves as site of muscle , ligament, and tendon attachments, as joints surfaces or as conducts for blood vessels and nerves |
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What is projection ? |
Bone marking that bulges outward from the surface. Heads. Spines and others |
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What are depression and opening markings. |
Fossae sinuses foramina allows nerves and blood vessels to pass. |
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What are the cells of bone tissue |
Osteogenic cells Osteoblast Osteocytes Bone linning cells Osteoclaast |
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What are osteigenic cells ? |
Aka osteoprogenitor cells Active stem cells Found in priosteum and endosteum In growing bone they are flattened and squamous cellsv When stimulated they produce osteoblast and bone pinning cells |
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What arw osteoblasts |
They are bone forming cells that secrete bone matrix Fibroblast and chondroblast are actively miotic Cube shaped When they become completely surrounded by the matrix being secreted they become osteocytes. |
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What are osteocytes? |
They look spidery Mature bone that occupies spaces that conform to their shape ( lacuanae) Monitors and mantins the bone matrix Mature bone cells. |
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What are bone linning cells? |
Flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on. Help maintain matrix |
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Wharevare osteoclasts? |
Derive from hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate to macrophages. Multinucleic cells locate bone resorption Cells that break down bone matrix (resorption) |
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Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. |
Osteon. Isctge structuralbunit of compact bone. Elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of bone. Each matrix tube is a lamella. Twister resister. |
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Canals and canaliculi |
Running through the. Center of the osteon is the central canal .; contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serves osteon cells. Perforating canals. The lie at right angles to the long axis bones and connect to blood and nerve supply of the meduallary cavity. Caniculli.. Connect to the lacuane to each other and to central canal . |
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What is interstitial lamella? |
Incomplete lammelae Fills gaps between forming osteons or are remnonts of osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling |
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What is circumferential lamella? |
Deep to the endosteum .extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and effexfivley resist twisting. |
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Chemical composition of bone |
Organic and inorganic |
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Organic components. |
Includes its cells + osteoid organic part of matrix 1/3 Ground substance and collagen fibers secreted by osteoblasts Structure and flexibility |
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Inorganic components |
Hydroxyapatites 65% of bone mass Around collagen fiber Mainly calcium phosphate crystals Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression |
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How do bones develop ? |
Inramembrous or endochrial ossification |
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Endocral ossification |
Bone develops by replacing hyaline caetilage- cartilage . endocral bone |
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Intramembranois ossification |
Bone develops by fribeous membranes . - membrane bone |
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Endochondrial Ossification |
- bones below the skull -hyaline cartilage bones formed earlier as models or patterns for bone construction |
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Primary ossification center |
it is where the formation of long bones begin 1st the blood vessels infiltrate the pericardium covering the hyaline cartilage convert it in too vascualrized peiosteum -then the underlying messenchymal cells speacilize into osteoblast .. now the new ossification can occur. |
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how does endochondrial ossification in a long bone occur |
1 Bone collar forms around the dyaphysis of the hyaline cartilage 2. Hyaline cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities 3. the periosteal bud invaded the internal cavities and spongy bone occurs 4. the dyaphisis elongates and meddular cavity form, secondary ossification appear in the epiphyisis 5. the epihysis ossify when compl;eted, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage. |
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intramembranous ossification |
forms cranial bones of the skull and clavicles -most are flat cells at 8 weeks - happens within the fibrous connective tissue |
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how does intramembranous ossification occur |
1) ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane - selected centrally located messenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblast, forming an ossification center that produces the first trabaculae of spongy bone 2) osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membranes and calcifies 3)woven bone and peritoneum form - accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryionic blood vessels in a manner that results in a network of trabaculae called woven bone - vascularized messenchyme condense on the external face of the woven bone and become the periosteum 4) lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum, Red marrow bone appears. -trabaculae just deep to the periosteum thicken mature lamellar bone replaces them forming compact bone plates - spongy bone (diploe) consisting of distinct trabecuale, persist internally and its vascular tissue red marrow bone . |
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Postnatal Bone Growth |
during infancy and youth, long bones lenghten entirely by interstital growht of the epiphyseal plate cartilage, and its replacement by bone, and all bones grows in thickness by appositional growht - bones stop growing during adolescence |
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Growth in length of long bones |
epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones 1) proliferation zone cartilage cells undergo mitosis 2) hypertrophic zone older cartilage cells enlarge 3)calcification zone matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating, blood vessels invade cavity 4) ossification zone new bone forms epitheleal plate closure happens at age of eithe 18 or 21 bones can widen but they can not get longer |
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how does growth in width in bones |
by appositional growth |
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HORMONAL Regulation of Bone growth |
thyroids hormones modulates the activity of growht hormone ensuring that skeleton has proper proportion as they grow. In puberty ,sex hormones are related and help sex specific bone formaton foe each sex. |
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What does Bone remodeling involve |
Bone deposit and removal |
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What is none Remodeling |
it is bone deposit + bone resorption |
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BONE DEposit |
osteoid seam- unminneralized band of gauzy looking bone matrix 10-12 micrometer wide marks areas of new matrix deposit by osteoblast - Between osteoid seam and older mo\ineralized bone, there is an abrupt translation called calcification front. |
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Bone Resorption |
osteocalst accomplish bone resorption - osteoclast alitgns thighlty to the bone sealing of the area of bone destruction and secreting proton and lysossomal enzymez that digest organic matrix breakibng down of bone phagocytize the dead cells. |
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control of remodeling |
remodeling goes on continously in the skeleton - regulated by genetic factors and two control loops that serve different masters (1) negative feedback hormonal loop Ca2+ homeostasis in blood (2) response to mechanical and gravitational |
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why is ionic calcium necessary ? |
important for physiological proccess, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by gland and nerve cells and cell division - Calcium is absorbed from the intestine under the control of Vitamin D metabolites |
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hormonal controls |
involves parathyroid hormone produced by parathyroid glands to much lesses extent of calcitonin produced by particular cells of the thyroid gland may be involved |
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what is leptin |
hormone released by adipose tissue: regulates bone density |
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Hormonal control of Blood Ca 2+ |
calcium is necessary for * transmission of nerve impulses *muscle contraction * blood coagulation *secretion by glands and nerve cells *cell division |
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Hormonal control of Blood Ca 2+ |
PTH osteoclasts (increase in blood calcium Ca2+ |
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Calcitonin |
calcitonin decrease in blood Ca 2+ Increase i bone Ca 2+ |
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Responses to mechanical Stress |
* keeps the bones srtong where stress or are acting * Wolff's Law; a bone grwos or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it |
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example of Wollfs Law |
handedness left or right bone is thicker |
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Hormonal |
controls determine wether and where remodeling occurs resposne to a change in blood calcium levels |
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Mechanical Stresses |
determines where remodeling occurs |
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Classification of Bone Structures |
bone fractures may be classified by four classification (1) position of the bones end after fracture * Non-displaced- bone ends retain normal position * Displaced- bone ends out of normal aligment (2) Completness of break *complete- broken all the way through *incomplete-not broken all the way (3) Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone *linear- parallel to long axis of the bone *transverse- perpendicular to long axis of the bone (4) Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin * compound (open) bone ends penetrate skin *simple (closed) - bone ends dont penetrate the skin |
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Whats a depressed fracture? |
it happens mostly in the skull |
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Fracture treatnment and repair |
the treatment invlove is reduction, ther realigmnet of the broken bone ends |
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The stges in healing of a bone Fracture |
(1) Hematoma forms * torn blood vessels hemorrage (leak out) * Clot (heatoma) forms *bone cells at the site die from lack of nutrition *site becomes swollen, painful and inflammed. |
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2nd stager of bone reparit |
The fribrocatilagous callus forms |
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3rd stage of bone repair |
The bony Callus forms |
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4th step to bone repair |
Bone remodelling occurs |
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What causes bone disorders |
Imbalances between bone deposit and resorption underlie nearly every disease that affects human skeleton |
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OStemalacia and Rickets |
Ostemalacia = bone poorly mineralized * calcium salts are not adequatley deposited * bones are soft and week */ painn is felt when weight is put on |
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Rickets |
Analogous disease in children causes bowed legs and other bone deformities caused:vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium |
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Osteoporosis |
loss of bone mass- bone resorption occurs faster then bone deposit * happens in the femur Risk factors * aged people *insufficient excersice * petite body forms *lack of estrogen treatments : Calcium, vitamin D and fluride supplemnts
workout more |
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Pagets disease |
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption * pAgetic bone has higher ratio of spongy bone to compact bone uknown cause treatment calcitonion after 40 years localized conditon |
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what are the two types of cartilage growth and what part of the cartilage expands in each? |
Appositional & Interstitial Appositional: external interstitial: from within |
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What does the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton include? |
Axial includes the vertebral,spine, column , ribs Appendicular includes the limbs |
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Wrist and ankles are considered what kind of bones? |
they are short bones |
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Sternum, Scapula,and skull bones are what types of bones? |
They are flat bones |
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Vertebrae and pelvis are what type of bones? |
irregular bones |
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What are the five tissous othe then osseous tissue found in bone? |
Nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous, connective tissue, muscle ad eoithilial tissue in its blood vessels found in bones. |
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what are the two main layers of bone? |
compact bone and spongy bone |
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Spongy bones in flat bones is called what ? |
it is called diploe |
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what are the four differnt cells of bones |
Osteogenic = stem cells osteoblast= bone forming cells osteocytes= maturing bone cells osteoclast= cells that breakdown bone matrix |
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what is the structural unit of bone |
osteon |
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what is the name of the collagen (tree rings) |
Lamella |
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what canal contains nerves and blood vessels |
central canal |
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what canal connects the lacunae |
the canalicoli |
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what is the differnce between interstitial and circumferential lamallea |
interstitial lamellae is in between the circumferential lamella is around the bone |
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What is the name of the organic bone matrix? what two things make it up ? |
organic bone matrix is osteoid its made up of ground substance and collagen fibers |
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what type of ossification forms flat bones ? |
intramembranous ossification |
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in endochondrial ossification, where does the primary ossification form and where does secondary ossification |
primary ossification occurs in the dyaphysis sencondary ossification occurs in epiphysis |
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what is the junction between the epiphysis and dyaphisis called after growht has finished |
epishyeal line |
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what is the term for the increase in lenght of long bones? |
interstitial growht |
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what is the term for the increase in width and remodeling bone \ |
appositional |
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name the fours functional zones of the epiphyseal plate cartilage |
(1)profileration -cartilage cells undego mitosis (2)hyperthrophic zone- older cartilage cells enlarge (3) calcification zone- matrix becomes calcifies (4) ossification- new bone formation |
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what is bone deposit? |
layong down of new bone |
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what is bone resorption? |
breaking down of bone the osteoclast are responsible |
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what glands secrete PTH? what cells does PTH influence ? what is end result ? |
secreted by the parathoyd glands influences osteoclasts the blood calcium Ca 2+ increase |
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what galnd release calcitonin? what cell does calcitonin inflence? what is the end result ? |
calcitonin influences the osteoblast End result : decrease blood Ca 2+ levels |
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one observation of wollfs law |
handedndeness thicker bone on the hand you write with left or right |
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What is acoumpoun bone fracture? |
when bone pentrates through skin |
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a depre4ssed bone fracture usually oocurs in what bone |
the skull |
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what are the four stages in the healing of a bone fracture? |
(1) hematosis forms (2) fibrocatilagenous (3) bony callus forms (4) bone remoddeling occurs |
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in osteomalacia and rickets disorder why are bones so brittle ? |
there is defficiency of Vitamin D |
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what is oteoporosis? what procces is occurin faster? |
the loss of bone mass bone resorption faster than bone deposit |
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