Anatomy Chapter 6 Bones & Skeletal Tissue

Front 1

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibro-

Back 1

3 Types of Cartilages

Front 2

- Support

- Protection

- Movement

- Storage of minerals and lipids

- Blood cell production

SPMBS

Back 2

Functions of Bone (5)

Front 3

Support and Protects (Bone)

Back 3

Cranium: Protects brain

Rib Cage: Protects lungs, heart

Describes which function of the bone?

Front 4

Movement (Bone)

Back 4

Joints, movement of limbs, attachment for muscles

Describes which function of the bone?

Front 5

Storage of Minerals and Lipids (Bone)

Back 5

- Minerals: Calcium phosphate. Balance of minerals in bones and body fluids

- Lipids: Yellow marrow in medullary cavity stores fat

Describes which function of the bone?

Front 6

Blood Cell production (bone)

Back 6

- Red marrow in spongy bone is source of red and white blood cells

Describes which function of the bone?

Front 7

Diaphysis

- Think full 'dia' meter

Back 7

- Shaft of long bone

- Thick 'collar' of compact bone that surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity

Front 8

Epiphysis

Back 8

- Ends of long bone

- Outer shell is compact bone and the interior contains spongy bone

- Hyaline cartilage covers joint surface to cushion during movement and absorbing stress

Front 9

Periosteum

Back 9

- Covers outer surface of bone; consists of a inner osteogenic and outer fibrous layer

Front 10

Endosteum

Back 10

- Internal bone surface (Marrow) lining that is an incomplete cellular layer containing osteoblasts, osteoclasts, epithelial and osteoprogenitor cells

- Covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through compact bone

Front 11

Epiphyseal plate

Back 11

- Hyaline cartilage till adult hood. Found at epiphysis.

- Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone is an epiphyseal line, a remnant of the _________, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

Front 12

Articular cartilage

Back 12

Cartilage that remains on outer surface of the epiphysis where bone forms joint with another bone

Front 13

Outer Fibrous Layer

Inner Osteogenic Layer

Back 13

2 Layers of Periosteum

Front 14

Inner Osteogenic Layer

Back 14

Cells for bone formation or bone break down - a layer of periosteum

Front 15

Outer Fibrous Layer

Back 15

Dense irregular connective tissue that is important for attachment of muscle tendons to the bone - a layer of periosteum

Front 16

Its scattered cells in a matrix

Back 16

Bone is considered a connective tissue because?

Front 17

Osteoprogenitor cells (Also called osteogenic)

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

GBCC

Back 17

Scattered Cells of Bone Tissue (4)

Front 18

Osteoprogenitor Cells (Osteogenic)

Back 18

- Squamous bone stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum

- From mesenchymal stem cells to ________________ to osteoblasts

Front 19

Osteoblasts

Back 19

-Make new bone (scattered cell), immature bone cells that secrete organic components of matrix to synthesize it, for bone growth

- Analogous to fibroblasts in connective tissue and chondroblasts in cartilage

Front 20

Osteocytes

Back 20

- Mature bone cells, most frequent bone cells that maintains the bone matrix

- Osteoblasts - trapped in lacuna - become this

Front 21

Osteoclasts

Back 21

- Derived from white blood cells

- Help reshape, reform whole bone

- Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Front 22

Compact Bone

Back 22

- Hard outer surface of bone

- Composed of Osteons (concentric layers of osteocytes within lamellae

- Lamellae surround central canal (Haversian)

- Haversion canal carry blood vessels, run parallel to surface

Front 23

Spongy Bone

Back 23

- Found at epiphysis of long bones and interior of flat bones such as sternum

- No osteons, instead honeycomb like cavities called trabeculae

- Red marrow

- Osteocytes get nourishment from canaliculi

Front 24

At endosteum and periosteum

Back 24

How does bone grow in width?

Front 25

At epiphyseal cartilage

Back 25

How does bone grow in length?

Front 26

Bone grow in length

Back 26

- Cartilage added to epiphyseal side of cartilage

- Osteoblasts invade cartilage on diaphyseal side, replace with bone.

- At puberty: cartilage growth decrease while bone addition continues

- Epiphyseal cartilage disappears and replaced by epiphyseal line

How bones grow in ____________

Front 27

Ossification

Back 27

Means = Making bone (Bone formation)

Front 28

Endochondral Ossification: Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

Intramembranous Ossification: Bone develops from fibrous connective tissue (membrane)

Back 28

Formation of the Bony Skeleton of fetuses has two types depending on what it develops from

Front 29

EndoChondral Ossification (How the bones below the skull grow, except for clavicles)

Back 29

- Bone begins as hyaline cartilage formed by interstitial and appositional growth of cartilage

- Blood vessels grow into perichondrium surrounding hyaline cartilage shaft

- Cells in the perichondrium become osteoblasts construct layer of bone

- Chondrocytes within diaphysis begin to enlarge, die and resorb (degrade) cartilage, creating cavities

- Slender strips (trabeculae) of cartilage remain

- Blood vessels, osteoblasts and bone marrow cells move in the cavities within diaphysis

- Primary ossification center formed as spongy bone

- Perichondrium becomes periosteum. Bony collar form around middle diaphysis

- Remaining cartilage inside becomes calcified, erodes and then replaced by bone

- Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses.

Front 30

Intramembranous Ossification (How the dermal bones: flat bones of the skull, the mandible, clavicle form)

Back 30

- Begins within fibrous connective tissue.

- Mesenchymal cells -> osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts

- Osteoblasts secrete matrix

- Spicules (trabeculae) of bone and periosteum form

- Fills with red marrow

- Can later turn into compact bone

Front 31

Hematoma

Fibrocartilage

Spongy Bone (Bony callus)

Remodeling

HFSR

Back 31

Bone Repair Steps (4)

Front 32

Fracture Repair

Back 32

- Extensive bleeding occurs and blood clot forms

- An internal callus forms spongy bone joins in inner edges

- An external callus of cartilage and bone stabilize outer edge

- Cartilage of external callus has been replaced by bone and sponge

- Fragments of dead bone and areas of close bone have been removed and replaced

- Swelling initially

Front 33

Parathyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone

Back 33

Calcium Homeostasis (2)

Front 34

Parathyroid hormone

Back 34

- Increase the formation of new osteoclasts and increase osteoclast activity - more bone resorption

- This causes calcium to be released into blood

- Too much in blood or urine causes problems with kidneys

- Kidneys release less calcium in urine

- Increase blood calcium levels

Front 35

Thyroid hormone (calcitonin)

Back 35

- Inhibits osteoclast activity - less bone resorption

- Kidneys release more calcium in urine

- Calcium from blood used to build bone

Front 36

Colles fracture

Greenstick fracture

Back 36

Fracture types, Distal Radius (Wrist) (2)

Front 37

Colles fracture

Back 37

Break in the distal radius bone caused by backward displacement of head, such as reaching out to cushion a fall

Front 38

Greenstick fracture

Back 38

- One side of the shaft is broken and the other side bent (fracture), incomplete break

- Typically occurs in children whose long bones have yet to ossify fully and are more flexible

Front 39

Osteoporosis

Back 39

Bones become weak, brittle because too much spongy bone has been absorbed by osteoclast resorption activity

Front 40

Articular cartilage

Costal Cartilage

Respiratory cartilages

Nasal cartilages

ACRN

Back 40

Skeletal hyaline cartilages include: (4)

Front 41

Articular cartilages

Back 41

Cartilage (artic = joint, point of connection), which cover the ends of most bones at movable joints

Front 42

Costal cartilages

Back 42

Cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

Front 43

Appositional growth

Interstitial growth

Back 43

Two ways that cartilage grows

Front 44

Appositional growth

Back 44

Type of cartilage growth where cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

Front 45

Interstitial growth

Back 45

Type of cartilage growth where lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

Front 46

Trabeculae

Back 46

Honeycomb shaped, flat or needle like pieces connected altogether within the spongy bone

Front 47

Hematoma

Back 47

Step of bone repair where a mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site, inflammation

Front 48

Fibrocartilage

Back 48

Step of bone repair where blood vessels, fibroblasts and cartilage and osteogenic cells invade fracture site, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken ends

Front 49

Spongy bone

Back 49

Step of bone repair where new bone trabeculae form in fibrocartilaginous callus. Repeats the events of endochondral ossification

Front 50

Remodeling

Back 50

Step of bone repair where excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed

Front 51

Epiphyseal fracture

Back 51

- Fracture where epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

- Fracture that tends to occur where bone matrix is undergoing calcification/chondrocytes are dying