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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is biotechnology |
using living organisms to produce products such as for food and drugs |
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why are microorganisms used in industry? |
-they grow at a fast rate -they don't require large amount of space to grow -optimum conditions are easy to maintain at low cost -can be used to produce enzymes -generate pure form of product -can be genetically engineered for specific products |
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state the 4 stages in a closed system growth curve |
-lag -log -stationary -decline |
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describe the lag phase |
the microorganism need to produce the enzymes to survive and reproduce. population slowly increase. The reproductive rate is very low |
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describe the log phase? |
the population doubles at a faster rate. The birth rate exceeds the death rate.starts to take up the nutrients and space |
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describe the stationary phase |
the waste and metabolites builds up and the space and nutrients run out also the birth rate =death rate. in open systems this would be the carrying capacity |
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describe the decline phase? |
the is where the death rate exceeds the birth rate. eventually all the organisms will die in a closed system. |
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what 3 types of enzymes may be used from living organisms |
-natural secreted enzymes -intracellular enzymes -extracellular enzymes |
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what are primary metabolites |
the are release when the microorganisms are in favorable conditions. The are used to ensure growth |
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what is metabolite? |
A metabolite is any substance produced during metabolism (digestion or other bodily chemical processes) |
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what is a secondary metabolite |
they are released when microorganisms are in unfavorable conditions so the release secondary metabolites to kill competition |
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How do you remember the ways enzymes are immobilised |
CAME |
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what are the 4 ways enzymes can be immobilised? |
-Covalent bonding-strong bond between insoluble particles (clay) -absorption- where insoluble particles combines with immobilising support form weak bonds with enzymes. ionic links and hydrophobic interactions - Membrane where enzyme can-t leave but substrate and products can -entrapment-where enzymes are trapped in alginate bead. |
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why are immobilised enzymes used on large scale production |
-enzymes don't need replacing they can be reused -enzymes work in optimum conditions that are easy to maintain. -purer product produced |
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what is batch process |
a closed system that produces different batches by starting and stopping a reatcion, |
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what is a continuous process |
where the process isn't stopped as it is an open system and product is removed as it goes. |
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compare the batch and continuous processes |
-batch is closed and continuous is open -contamination in batch process isn't as bad as continuous -continuous more efficient -batch produces secondary metabolites but continuous produces primary metabolites |
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state features of a fermenter |
-water jacket -pH regulator -paddles -culture medium |
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what needs maintaining in a fermenter? |
-temperature -nutrient dispersion -waste concentration -pH -competition -oxygen |
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what are closed conditions mostly used producing |
secondary metabolites like penicillium |
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what are open systems mostly used for producing? |
growth of the microorganisms. So Primary metabolites build up. |
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what is asepsis |
removal of unwanted microorganisms |
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why are aseptic conditions important |
-prevent spoilage -avoid competition -prevent yield being affected -prevent the wanted microorganisms from being destroyed -reduce toxic chemicals -lab experiments may be influenced by unwanted microorganisms. |
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name as many products that use biotech |
cheese penicillin insulin milk alcohol bread |
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how could you create aseptic conditions |
-heat -disinfectant -gloves and hair back -lid on container -sterilised equipment -sterile working area |
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what are the advantages of immobilised enzymes? |
-product doesn't need separating -enzymes immediately ready to reuse -stable as enzyme protected |
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what are the disadvantages of immobilised enzymes |
-time consuming to immobilise the enzymes -the enzymes could leak (absorption) -any contamination can be costly -active site can be covered so it is impacted a bit |
