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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is another name for sponges?
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Calcarea and silicea
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What types of organisms are included in phylum annelidia?
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centipedes, segmented worms
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simple animals that live sedentary lifestyles
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sponges
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how do sponges eat?
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suspension feeding; capturing food particles suspended in water that pass through pores of body
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flagellated collar cells that generate water current through sponges and ingest suspended food
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chanocytes
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in which organism are chanocytes found?
a. centipedes b. flatworms c. sponges d. cnidarians |
c. sponges
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T/F, sponges are hermaphrodites
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True
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All animals have true tissues, except what?
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sponges
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Eumetazoa has animals with true tissues, with one exception, what is it?
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sponges
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Classify hydras, corals, and jellies.
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Cnidarian
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Which phylum is very diverse with a wide range of sessile/motile forms?
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cnidarian
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This phyla exhibits simple, diploblastic (2 germ layers), radial body plan
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cnidarian
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T/F Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity (sac with central digestive compartment).
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True
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T/F Sponges have a single opening that functions as both a mouth and anus.
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False; sponges have pores. However, this is true of cnidarians.
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How many classes are in the phyla cnidaria?
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four
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What are the classes in Cnidaria?
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1. Hydrozoans
2. Cubazoans 3. Anthozoans 4. scyphozoa |
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What is in the class Hydrozoan?
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Man-o-war
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How do hydrozoans reproduce?
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asexually, through hydra budding
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T/F Hydrozoans are predatious and aggressive predators.
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True
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Know the General Cnidarian Life cycle.
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Insert answer or hints here.
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Box Jellies and sea wasps are examples of which class in phyla cnidaria?
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Class Cubazoans
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T/F Cubazoans are highly toxic cnidocytes.
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True
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Corals are which class of cnidaria?
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Class anthozoans
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What cnidarian secretes its hard external skeleton?
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coral
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Why are flatworms flat in dorsal and ventral axis?
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This thinness increases the overall surface area of the worm.
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T/F Flatworms are coelomates.
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False; flatworms are acoelomate. In other words, they lack a body cavity.
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What feature in flatworms regulates their osmotic balance?
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Protonephridia
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T/F Planarians (flatworms) have eyes.
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Partially true because although they do not have the eye feature, the do have light-sensitive eyespots.
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Which has a more complex nervous system flatworms or cnidarians?
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Flatworms
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Lophotrochozoans have developed what features for feeding?
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Lophophore for feeding; others pass through a trochophore larval stage; a few have neither of these features
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Where do flatworms mostly live?
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marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats
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Where does gas exchange take place in flatworms?
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across the surface
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T/F Flatworms have organs specialize for gas exchange and circulation.
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False, all this exchange occurs through diffusion.
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What class includes tapeworms?
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cestoda
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What is the relationship between tapeworms and vertebrates? How do they attach to the host?
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Parasitic; the scolex attaches to the host
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What do tapeworms lack that requires the host? How do they use the host?
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they lack a digestive system, therefore, they absorb nutrients from the host's intestines
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What are the reproductive organs of tapeworms?
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proglottids produces eggs and break off after fertilization
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How do tapeworms pass their offspring?
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The fertilized eggs produced by sexual reproduction leave the host's body in their feces
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What is the significance of the scolex feature in tapeworms?
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it is covered in hooks/suckers in order to attach the tapeworm to the host
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T/F Planarians have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets.
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True
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What type of nervous system to planarians have?
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centralized nerve nets; ganglia and a pair of ventral nerve cords that run the length of their body
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How do planarians reproduce?
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They are hermaphrodites; they produce sexually or asexually through fission
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T/F Planarians have a gastrovascular cavity.
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True
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tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
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rotifers
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T/F Protists are smaller than rotifers.
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False; rotifers are smaller than many protists, although they are multicellular and have specialized organ systems
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T/F Rotifers have a coelom.
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False; rotifers have a pseudocoelom
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What specialized feature do rotifers have for digestion?
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an alimentary canal, a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom
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How do rotifers reproduce?
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parthenogenesis, in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
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What are the two phyla of lophophorates?
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1. ectoprocts
2. barchiopods |
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Colonial animals that superficially resemble plants
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ectoprocts (also called bryozoans)
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T/F Ectoprocts are often encased by a hard exoskeleton.
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True
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Some species of ectoprocts are ________.
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Reef builders
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Superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal/ventral rather than lateral
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brachiopods
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Examples of phylum mollusca
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snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octupuses and squids
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Most molluscs inhabit ____ water.
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marine
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What types of habitats do molluscs live in?
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mostly marine, some freshwater, and some terrestrial
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soft-bodied animals, but often protected by hard shell
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molluscs
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Three main parts of most molluscs?
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1. muscular foot
2. visceral mass 3. mantle |
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T/F Molluscs are coelomates.
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True
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How do molluscs feed?
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using a rasplike radula
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What type of cavity do most molluscs have?
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a water-filled mantle cavity
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T/F Molluscs only have one sex.
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False; molluscs have separate sexes
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Do molluscs have gonads? If so, where can they be found?
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Yes; in the visceral mass
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What is the ciliated larval stage included in the life cycle of many molluscs?
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a trocophore
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What are the four major classes of molluscs?
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1. chitons (polyplacophora)
2. snails and slugs (gastropoda) 3. clams, oysters (bivalvia) 4. squids, octopusses (cephalopoda) |
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T/F Gastropoda (snails, slugs) have a simple structure.
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True
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What is the most distinctive characteristic of gastropods?
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torsion-the ability to rotate anus above head
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About 3/4 of all living species of molluscs are what class?
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Gastropods
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What is the function of the siphon in bivalves?
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water enters through the incurrent siphon, passes over the gills and exist the excurrent siphon
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What class of molluscs is composed of active predators with well-developed sense organs and brains?
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cephalopods (squids and octupuses)
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How do cephalopods obtain nutrients?
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They use tentacles to grasp prey and use their beak-like jaws to immobilize it with a poison found in their saliva
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How do cephalopods move?
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moved by "jets" found in their anatomy--draw water into mantle cavity and force a jet of water through the excurrent siphon
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What is considered the most intellegent invertebrate?
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octupuses
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What is the only mollusc with a closed circulatory system?
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cephalopods
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Where do echinoderms live exclusively?
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in saltwater seas and oceans
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What is unique about HAR1?
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It does not code for proteins, it most likely codes for RNA
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What is the difference betweeen HAR1 in humans and chimps?
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18 bases differ
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What is the difference between HAR1 in chimps and chickens?
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2 bases differ
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Where is HAR1 active?
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In the cerebral cortex which is the wrinkled outermost brain layer
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What is lissencephaly?
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smooth brain
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What human activity is FOXP2 involved in?
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speech
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What is the difference between FOXP2 in humans and chimps?
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2 base pair substitutions alter the protein
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What makes human language different from vocal communication in other species?
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cognitive ability
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What gene is involved with brain size determination?
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ASPM
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T/F ASPM activity is similar in humans and chimps.
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False; the ASPM activity is very different in humans and chimps
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T/F Most of the regions of the genome encode proteins or RNA.
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False! Most of the regions of the genome do NOT encode proteins or RNA.
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What do most regions of the genome function to do?
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To regulate sequences that tell nearby genes to turn on or off
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More than half of the genes located near HARs are involved in what activity?
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brain development and function
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Har2 points to what development in humans?
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morphological changes in the human hand
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LCT is of what importance to humans?
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diet
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What percent of the DNA in humans is identical to that in chimps?
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99%, a difference of about 15 million letters (1%)
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T/F The human brain is the same size to that in chimps.
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False; the brain has more than tripled
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AMY1
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amylase 1-increased in humans
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About how many known species are encompassed in kingdom animalia?
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1.3 million
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T/F Flatworms lack a body cavity.
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True
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What unique feature do brachiopods have?
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a unique stalk that anchors them to their substrate
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What distinguishes annelids from other phyla?
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body segmentation
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What is the most familiar annelid?
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earthworms
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What is the most abundant and diverse nematoda in the soil and acquatic habitats?
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roundworms
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What phyla contains many species that parasitize plants and animals?
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nematoda
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What is the most distinctive feature of roundworms (nematoda)?
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a tough cuticle that coats the body
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insects, crustaceans, and arachnids
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phylum arthropoda
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What is characteristic of all arthropods?
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a segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages
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sand dollars, sea stars, and sea urchins
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echinodermata
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move and feed by using a network of internal canals to pump water to different parts of their body
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echinodermata
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bilateral as larvae but not as adults
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echinodermata
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lancelets, tunicates, and hagfishes
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phlya chordata
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flagellated collar cells that generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food
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choanocytes
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What is the cavity in sponges that draws water through the pores?
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spongocoel
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In sponges, where is the water drawn out of the sponge?
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the osculum
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cells found in the mesohyl of sponges that play a role in digestion and structure
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amoebocytes
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noncellular layer between two cell layers found in sponges
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mesohyl
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All animals in Eumetazoa have true tissues except what?
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sponges
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T/F Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity.
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true, their basic body plan is a sac with a central digestive compartment
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What are the two variations on the body plan in cnidarians?
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the sessile polyp and motile medusa
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How do cnidarians capture prey?
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their tentacles
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unique cells found in cnidarians that function in defense and capture of prey
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cnidocytes
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specialized organelles within cnidocytes (in cnidarians) that eject a stinging thread
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nematocysts
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Hydrozoans, man-of-war use tentacles to draw prey up to a polyp containing digestive organisms, what is this called?
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gastrozooids
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What is the uppermost polyp in man-of-wars that acts as a gas-filled bladder?
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pneumatophore
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What are the venom-filled cells used by man-of-wars to paralyze and kill fish?
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nematocysts
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What is one of the few cnidarians found in freshwater?
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hydras
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What is unusual about the existence of hydrozoans?
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they exist only in polyp form
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What is generally the predominant stage in scyphozoans?
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medusa
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How do jellies in class Cubozoa compare to other jellies?
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they are stronger swimmers and less likely to end up on shore
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corals and sea anemones (anthozoans) only occur as what?
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polyps
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Each ____ generation of coral builds on the skeletal remains of earlier generations, constructing characteristic shape.
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polyp
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coral secrete a hard external skeleton made of what?
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calcium carbonate
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What is the best-known turbellarian?
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planarian
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Monogeneans and trematodes are similar in that they live as ______.
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parasites in or on other animals
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Most monogeneans are parasites of what?
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fish
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Trematodes that parasitize humans spend part of their lives in what host?
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snail hosts
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The mantle cavity of a bivalve contains what feature to use in gas exchange and feeding?
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gills
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What is unique about the shell in cephalopods?
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the shell is reduced and internal or nonexistent
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have bodies composed of a series of fused rings
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annelids
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T/F annelids are coelomates
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true
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The three classes of annelids?
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1. oligochaeta (earthworms)
2. polychaeta (polychaetes) 3. hirudinea (leeches) |
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what class are earthworms?
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oligochaetes
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What is unique characteristic of oligochaetes?
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relatively sparse chaetae, bristles made of chitin
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What do earthworms eat?
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soil, nutrients are extracted as the soil moves through the alimentary canal
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Earthworms are hermaphrodites but can also do what?
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cross-fertilize
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Polychaetes, such as tubeworms, have what unique feature?
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parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion
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What is a common organism in hirudinea?
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leeches
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what class of annelida are predators that feed on other invertebrates or parasites that attach to animals?
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hirudinea
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What chemical do leeches secrete that prevents blood coagulation?
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hirudin
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animals that shed a tough external coat (cuticle) as they grow
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ecdysozoan
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What is the process called when animals shed an external coat?
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molting
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What has an alimentary canal, but lacks a circulatory system?
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nematodes
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How do nematodes transport nutrients in the body
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via fluid in the pseudocoelom
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How do nematodes reproduce?
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sexually, by internal fertilization
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What do nematodes play an important role doing?
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decomposition and nutrient cycling
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What is the most greatly studied nematode?
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C.elegans
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What is another well-known nematode?
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Trichinosis-Trichinella spiralis, acquired by eating raw or undercooked pork or meat
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2 out of every three known species are what animal/
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arthropods
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The body of an arthropod is completely covered by what?
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a cuticle, an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and chitin
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What do arthropods have well-developed at their anterior end?
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sensory organs
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T/F Arthropods have a closed circulatory system.
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False; they have an open circulatory system with hemolymph
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T/F Arthropods are coelomates
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true
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What is the surviving species of cheliceriforms?
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horseshoe crabs
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What are most modern cheliceriforms called?
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arachnids
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ticks are classified as what?
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arachnids
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Where does gas exchange in spiders occur?
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book lungs
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what subphyla has terrestrial organisms that have jaw-like mandibles?
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myriapoda
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diplopoda
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millipedes, many legs, each trunk segment-2 pairs of legs, eat decaying leaves and plant matter
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chilopoda
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centipedes, carnivores, one pair of legs per segment
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hexapoda
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insects
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What is a key to success of insects?
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flight
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the young, nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
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incomplete metamorphosis
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have larval stages
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complete metamorphosis
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lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp
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decapods
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planktonic crustaceans
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copepods
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barnacles
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sessile crustaceans
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what phlya is defined by radial cleavage and formation of mouth at end of embryo opposite blastopore
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deuterostomes
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T/F echinoderms are slow-moving or sessile marine animals
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true
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Echinoderms have a unique what?
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water vascular system
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