Biology Exam Review

Front 1

Who wrote The Origin of Species book?

Back 1

Charles Darwin

Front 2

Natural Selection

Back 2

The strongest trait adapts to the environment making the organism able to survive and reproduce.

Front 3

True/False: Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals

Back 3

True: Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals.

Front 4

True/False: Darwin observed that overproduction of offspring and limited resources leads to competition

Back 4

True: Darwin observed that overproduction of offspring and limited resources leads to competition.

Front 5

Transitional Fossil

Back 5

Any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

Front 6

Biogeography

Back 6

The study of the geographic distribution of species. It provides much evidence of evolution.

Front 7

What are 3 evidences of evolution?

Back 7

1. Comparative Anatomy

2. Bioinformatics

3. Fossil Records

Front 8

Comparative Anatomy

Back 8

Comparison of body structures of modern organisms.

Front 9

Bioinformatics

Back 9

Employs computational tools to process genetic data.

Front 10

Fossil Records

Back 10

The ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in the rock layers, marking the passing of geologic time.

Front 11

Population

Back 11

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time. Population is the unit of evolution.

Front 12

Evolution

Back 12

How a population changes over time.

Front 13

Name 2 mechanisms that change the genetic makeup of a population

Back 13

1. Mutation

2. Sexual Recombination

Front 14

Mutation

Back 14

Random changes to DNA.

Front 15

Sexual Recombination

Back 15

Produces new arrangements of existing genes.

Front 16

Darwinian Fitness

Back 16

Contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the new generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals.

Front 17

Name the 4 mechanisms of evolution

Back 17

1. Genetic Drift

2. Bottleneck

3. Founder Effect

4. Gene Flow

Front 18

Genetic Drift

Back 18

A change in a gene pool due to chance.

Front 19

Bottleneck

Back 19

When a population is drastically reduced in numbers.

Front 20

Founder Effect

Back 20

When individuals migrate to a new isolated habitat.

Front 21

Gene Flow

Back 21

Individuals may migrate into or emigrate out of a population.

Front 22

Sexual Selection

Back 22

A form of natural selection where certain individuals are more likely to attract mates and, therefore, have more offspring.

Front 23

What happened in the Precambrian Era? (4.6bya-541mya)

Back 23

1. 4.6bya: Earth forms

2. 3.5bya: Oldest known prokaryote fossils.

3. 2.1bya: Oldest known eukaryote fossils.

Front 24

Species

Back 24

A population that is capable of interbreeding to produce healthy, fertile offspring.

Front 25

Gametic Incompatibility

Back 25

The gametes of different species usually can't fertilize each other.

Front 26

Graduated Model

Back 26

A species acquires small adaptations to its environment over millions of years.

Front 27

Punctuated Equilibrium Model

Back 27

There are periods of stasis interrupted by occasional bursts of speciation.

Front 28

Allopatric Speciation

Back 28

May occur when a physical barrier isolates populations.

Front 29

Sympatric Speciation

Back 29

May occur quite suddenly due to large scale genetic changes.

Front 30

Name the levels of the Taxonomic Hierarchy

Back 30

1.Domain 2.Kingdom 3.Phylum 4.Class 5.Order 6.Family 7.Genus 8.Species

Front 31

True/False: The genus and species makes up the scientific name

Back 31

True: The genus and species makes up the scientific name.

Front 32

Biogenisis

Back 32

The formation of new living organisms.

Front 33

True/False: In 1953, Urey and Miller demonstrated that organic monomers can form under conditions that stimulate early earth.

Back 33

True: In 1953, Urey and Miller demonstrated that organic monomers can form under conditions that stimulate early earth.

Front 34

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Back 34

1. First form of life on earth

2. Appeared about 10 billion years after earth formed.

Front 35

When did Eukaryotes form?

Back 35

They formed 2.1 bya.

Front 36

What are the 3 domains of life?

Back 36

1. Domain Archaea

2. Domain Bacteria

3. Domain Eukarya

Front 37

Domain Archaea

Back 37

1. Unicellular

2. Can live in extreme conditions

3. They are prokaryotic

Front 38

Domain Bacteria

Back 38

1. Unicellular

2. Can be found anywhere

3. Some can cause disease but some can be good.

4. It is a prokaryote.

Front 39

Domain Eukarya

Back 39

1. Unicellular or multicellular

2. It is a eukaryote

Front 40

Name the 4 kingdoms that make up the Domain Eukarya

Back 40

1. Animalia

2. Plantae

3. Protista

4. Fungi

Front 41

Describe the structure of a bacterial cell

Back 41

1. Has a cell wall

2. Has a sticky capsule that provides protection and allows cell to stick to surfaces.

3. The flagella propels the cell making it mobile.

Front 42

Binary Fission

Back 42

How prokaryotes reproduce by splitting in half.

Front 43

List the 3 prokayotes shapes and structres

Back 43

1. Cocci

2. Bacili

3. Spiral

Front 44

Cocci

Back 44

Cells with a spherical shape that may be found alone, in chains, or in clusters.

Front 45

Bacili

Back 45

Rod shaped cells that may be found alone or in chains.

Front 46

Spiral

Back 46

Most prokaryotes with a curved or spiral shape occur singly.

Front 47

Biofilm

Back 47

Organized colonies of one or several species attached to a surface such as rock or living tissue.

Front 48

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 48

The chemical processes by which nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle.

Front 49

Decomposer

Back 49

An organism that secretes enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them to inorganic form.

Front 50

Bioremediation

Back 50

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.

Front 51

Name the 3 types of Archaea

Back 51

1. Methanogens (Produce methane gas)

2. Halophiles (Salt lovers)

3. Thermophiles (Heat lovers)

Front 52

Name the 4 ways how bacteria can transfer DNA between cells

Back 52

1. Transformation

2. Transduction

3. Conjugation

4. Plasmid Transfer

Front 53

Explain the two ways in how internal membranes evolved

Back 53

1. An inward folding of the plasma membrane

2. The engulfment of other free-living cells

Front 54

Name the 4 types of protists

Back 54

1. Protozoan

2. Amoeba

3. Slime Molds

4. Algae

Front 55

Protozoan

Back 55

Protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating.

Front 56

Amoeba

Back 56

Single-celled protists with great flexibility.

Front 57

Slime Molds

Back 57

Protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle.

Front 58

Algae

Back 58

Photosynthetic protists able to produce their own food from sunlight.

Front 59

Endosymbiosis

Back 59

When one species lives inside another host species.

Front 60

Describe the structure of a Virus

Back 60

1. Wrapped in a protein called a capsid

2. Contains recognition spike

3. Contains nucleic acids

4. Some viruses contain a membrane envelope

Front 61

Bacteriophage

Back 61

A virus that infects a bacteria.

Front 62

Name the 2 stages of the reproduction of Bacteriophage

Back 62

1. Lytic Cycle

2. Lysogenic Cycle

Front 63

Lytic Cycle

Back 63

Viral DNA replicates using cells machinery.

Front 64

Lysogenic Cycle

Back 64

Viral DNA is inserted in bacterial chromosome.

Front 65

True/False: HIV infects the cells in the immune System

Back 65

True: HIV infects the cells in the immune system.

Front 66

Prions

Back 66

Infectious protein, misshaped version of a normal brain protein.

Front 67

Viroids

Back 67

Do not encode proteins but can replicate in host plant cells by using the hosts own cellular enzymes.

Front 68

Name some examples of Fungi

Back 68

1. Penicilin

2. Yeast

3. Parasitic Fungus

4. Lichen

5. Edible Fungi

6. Molds

Front 69

True/False: Plants evolved from fungi

Back 69

True: Plants evolved from fungi.

Front 70

Hyphae

Back 70

One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus.

Front 71

Mycorrhizae

Back 71

A mutually beneficial symbiotic association of plant, root, and fungus.

Front 72

Name the parts of the shoot system of plants

Back 72

1. Terminal Buds

2. Flowers

3. Node

4. Internode

5. Stem

Front 73

Name the 2 types of plant tissue

Back 73

1. Phloem

2. Xylem

Front 74

Ploem

Back 74

Transports sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plant.

Front 75

Xylem

Back 75

Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the shoot.

Front 76

Name the 4 modern plant types

Back 76

1. Bryophytes

2. Seedless Vascular Plants

3. Gymnosperms

4. Angiosperms

Front 77

Bryophytes

Back 77

1. Seedless

2. Nonvascular

3. Waxy outer layer that helps to retain moisture

4. Example: Moss

Front 78

Stomata

Back 78

A pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf.