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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy |
the science of describing, naming and classifying extant species and extinct species |
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3 categories of Domain |
1.Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukaryotes |
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Bacteria Distinguishing Characteristic 1. Chromosomes 2. Nucleus 3. Chromosome Segregation 4. Compartmentalization 5. Membrane lipid linkage |
1. Usually Circular
2. No nucleus 3. Binary Fission 4. No compartmentalization 5. Esther Linkage |
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Archaea Distinguishing Characteristic 1. Chromosomes 2. Nucleus 3. Chromosome Segregation 4. Compartmentalization 5. Membrane lipid linkage |
1. Circular 2. No nucleus 3. Binary Fission 4. No compartmentalization 5. Ether linkage |
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Eukarya Distinguishing Characteristic 1. Chromosomes 2. Nucleus 3. Chromosome Segregation 4. Compartmentalization 5. Membrane lipid linkage |
1. Linear 2. Nucleus Present 3. Mitosis/ Meiosis 4. yes compartmentalization 5. Esther Linkage |
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2 types of Prokaryotes |
-archaea -bacteria |
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4 types of eukaryotes |
-animals -plants -fungible -protozoans |
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Eukarya taxonomic group order (largest to smallest) Did Sexy King Phillip Cry Out “For Goodness Sakes!”? |
1. domain 2. super group 3. kingdom 4. phylum 5. class 6. order 7. family 8. genus 9. species |
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why do we need a system for naming organisms? |
-organization -communication -language/ context |
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What are prokaryotes |
-a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle -not simple creatures but they're specialized for their environment |
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why are prokaryotes smaller than eukaryotes |
-because they use a system of diffusion to move things around in the cell and this system can reach an equilibrium and stop working if the cell gets too big -dont have as much stuff inside of them |
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diffusion |
movement of something from high to low places |
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what system do eukaryotes use to move stuff inside of the cell? Define it: |
Endo-membrane System: divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. Includes the Golgi apparatus, nuclear membrane and other things |
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Golgi Apparatus |
helps package the molecules for transfer |
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Organelles: |
-structure or part that is enclosed within its own membrane inside a cell and has a particular function |
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Examples of organelles in eukaryotes |
-nucleus -mitochondria -chloroplast |
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Do prokaryotes have organelles? |
not thought to -some have ribosomes but they're not considered organelles in some cases |
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Why doesn't the BSC apply to prokaryotes? what is used to identify proks. |
-dont reproduce sexually -cannot be simulated in the lab -molecular characteristics are looked at |
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Metabolic tests of bacteria in clinical labs |
-developed to identify pathogens -gets results quickly --rely on genetics for uncommon bacteria -Example: gram staining |
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Carl Woese |
-proposed using 16s rRNA gene as a molecular tool --led to discovery of archaea |
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rRNA: -What is it? -How do we use it? |
-Ribosomal RNA that is used to make proteins in cells -there are regions that are highly conceived making it easy to study --homologous to 18s in eukaryotes -also regions that are variable |
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Multi-locus sequencing typing |
-chose 8-9 genes to sequence and compare -typically housekeeping genes |
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House-keeping genes |
-genes that make ATP -makes things that are essential for life to occur |
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Ester linkage |
-membrane lipids of bacteria and eukaryotes are linked this way |
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ether linkage |
archaea are linked this way |
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Cell wall structure of bacteria |
-composed of peptidoglycan -peptidoglycan determines the shape of the cell -some have a thin layer while others have a thick layer |
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cell wall structure of archaea |
-variable cell wall in archaea -no peptidoglycan layer -no outer membrane -cystalline surface layer |
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Gram positive |
-purple -thick pep. layer -no membrane |
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gram negative |
-pink -thin pep. layer -membrane present -antibiotic resistant |
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archaeal shapes |
-more diverse than bacteria -round -rod -square -spiral |
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Where are archaea found? |
-everywhere -not just extreme environments |
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systematics |
method used to establish phylogenies -structural -molecular |
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anagenesis |
starts with one common ancestor and ends with one species |
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cladogenesis |
starts with one common ancestor ends with multiple new species |
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homology |
similar due to common ancestor |
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analogy |
similar due to same function |
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flagella: analogous or homologous? |
analogous because they result from similar function of trying to swim -not made of the same materials -CONVERGENT EVOLUTION |
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monophyletic group |
contains ONE common ancestor and ALL of its descendants |
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paraphyletic group |
contains ONE common ancestor and a NOT ALL of its descendents |
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polyphyletic group |
contains groups of species with DIFFERENT COMMON ANCESTORS |
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shared primitive characterics |
a character that is shared by 2 or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor |
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derived characteristics |
a character that is shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent ancestors |
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Big Bang |
-occurred 15 by a -earth was a shitty gross place for a long time after and the started to change dramatically over the last couple hundred thousand years |
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what came first in the creation of life |
liquid water 3.9 bya -this was around the time life began to form |
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steps leading to life (4) |
1.abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules 2. building polymers from monomers (hooking together of the cells ) 3. packaging of the polymers by cell membrane formation 4. self replication |
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metabolism in cells |
the ability to make/break down molecules sometimes for energy |
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DNA or RNA What came first? What is better? |
-RNA came first but DNA was selected for -DNA is more stable so it is better |
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cyanobacteria |
-first known fossil -photosynthetic -first bacteria -very advanced |
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Timeline of Life (oldest-newest) |
3.9 BYA: water appeared 3.8-3.5 BYA: first prokaryotic cell 3.5 BYA: cyanobacteria 1.8 BYA: first eukaryotic cell 632 may: animals |
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why was O2 dangerous to early life? what was it good for? |
-most were anaerobes -supported combustion -free radicals: damage to the cells -oxidizes porteins Good for: producing ATP |
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types of specialized cells |
1. swarmers and stalks 2. endospores 3. akinetes 4. heterocyst 5.magnetosomes 6. anammoxosomes |
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Swarmers and stalks |
-swarmer cell is motile -after a while it gets a signal to divide to grow a stalk -they denied -then stalk sticks to a surface -swarmer part keeps swimming |
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Akinetes |
-large oval cells on cyanobacteria -dormant cell type -1 thick cell wall -filled with food reserves for when things start to go bad |
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endospores |
-dormant cell -resistant to environmental changes -thick layer around the cell that protects it from heat - |
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heterocyst |
-small circular cell in cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen -anaerobic cells that prevent 02 from entering -nitrogen fixation is necessary to produce proteins and nucleic acid -3 layer cell wall |
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Nitrogen fixation |
making nitrogen available by changing it from inorganic to organic |
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nitrogen cycle |
-goes into the soil in bacteria and then forms a mutualism with plants Bacteria get: glucose and protection Plant gets: fixed nitrogen |
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leg-hemoglobin |
binds oxygen so it stays away from nitrogen fixation -occurs in legumes |
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Magnetosomes |
-often form a wolf pack or travel and concur as a mass -specialized cells filled with magnetite which helps the cells sense light from dark and swim away from light -if you remove one cell the whole wolf pack dies |
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Anammoxosomes |
-organelle found in cells that live in anaerobic environments -chemoautotrophs: ise amonia for their energy source -ladderaines: by product of ammonia is atropine which is toxic so the ladderaine protects the cell |
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Prokaryotes... |
-outweigh euks. -out number euks. -found in extreme environments |
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methanogens are |
-found in archaea -release methane gas that feeds bacteria -cannot be around oxygen |
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metagenomics |
sampling biomes then sequencing DNA -dont care what is related (phylogeny) -just looking anaerobic vs aerobic |
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pathogen |
infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host |
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how do we acquire out micro biomes |
-caregivers -environment -medications |
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primary succesion |
initial colonies coming into a new environment |
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Biofilm |
sticky substance that make it easier for cells to reproduce and divide |
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Diversity in prokaryotes: Autotrophs Example energy source carbon source |
photo: cyanobacteria, light, CO2 chemo: archaea, inorganic compounds, C02 |
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Diversity in prokaryotes: Heterotrophs Example energy source carbon source |
photo: bactiera, light, organic compounds chemo: many, inorganic compounds, organic compounds |
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2 types of photosynthesis |
1. Oxygenic: produces oxygen as a waste product 2. Anoxygenic: docent release oxygen as a waste product |
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bacteriorhodospin |
-analogous to the human eye -found in bacteria and archaea -anaerobic |
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Vertical gene transfer |
direct transfer from parent to offspring |
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horizontal gene transfer |
-transfer between cells of the same generation -important for the creation of new species -mutations -can be DNA from... --dead cells --different species --mediated by a virus |
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3 types of horizontal gene transfer |
1. transformation 2. transduction 3. conjugation |
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transformation |
-obtaining DNA from dead cells through a microbe that picks it up -usually only done when a cell is unstable |
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conjugation |
-DNA is directly transferred from a live donor cell to recipient -SEX -copied in the donor cell then given away -bacterial mediated |
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plasmid |
a small piece of DNA in bacteria that is transfered in conjugation |
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transduction |
-transfer via virus -infects one cell and takes some DNA from that cell -moves to a new cell and transfers DNA from previous cell into it |
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Endosymbiosis Define When? |
theory of how euk. cells formed to bring about life on earth -lipids and chemical evidence says 2.5-2.0 BYA |
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Step of formation of euk. cells (4) |
1. start w/ a large archaea cell that now has the ability to create a thicker membrane by folding it back on itself 2. invaginate until a nuclear envelope is formed 3. this process allows the cell to be able to engulf smaller bacterial cells w/o absorbing its contents 4. some of the genes from the bacterial cell get transferred to the nucleus resulting in the formation of mitochondria |
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mitochondria |
DNA that is obtained from the mother eggs and creates ATP which the cell uses for energy |
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ribosomes |
protein builders of cells -produces 16s for proks. (RNA) -produces 18s for euks. (DNA) |
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Molecular evidence for the theory |
-circular chromosomes which are more like bacteria -order of genes similar to Rickettsia -gene processing is similar -similar size to bacterial ribosomes -protein processing is similar |
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semi-autonomous |
can function on its own but still needs help from nucleus |
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Protist |
-diverse groups of euks. -only autotrophic and heterotrophic -can be unicellular, colonial and multucellular -can be free living or parasitic |
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different types of protists |
primary: 2 membranes (engulfs proks) secondary: 3 membranes (engulfs euks) tertiary: 4 membranes (Dino) (engulfs euks) |
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reticulate |
2 different species branched from one ancestor that interact to form a new species |
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malrai |
part of the life cycle outside of human host part inside the human host |
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whys it important to study protist |
they are dangerous -blend in with the good cells in your body so antibiotics don't work on them |
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Microbial role of -termites -protist -bacteria -archaea |
Termintes: cannot digest cellulose Protist: break down the wood particles into smaller pieces Bacteria: secrete a digestive enzyme that breaks down the cellulose Archaea: make the food for the bacteria |
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What are characteristics of mito. and chloro. ribosomes that contirbute to the molecular evidence for theory of endosymbiosis? |
-protein processing is more similar to bacteria rather than Euk. -16s rRNA in Proks. vs 18s rRNA in Euks. (similar size) |
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structure evidence for the theory of endosym. |
-double membranes -devision of mito and plastids -- have to come from existing organelles |
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F- factor |
fertility factor -type of plasmid that is copied and then transferred via conjugation |
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What type of cell is this? How do you know? |
prokaryote -no nucleus -no mito |
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What type of cell is this? How do you know? |
Gram negative -outer membrane is present -thin pep. layer |
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What type of cell is this? How do you know? |
Plant -nucleus -chloroplast |
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At the molecular level, what is the relationship between archaea and euks? |
-similar protein process (metabolic prowess) -similar DNA replication |
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bird and bat wings are... |
homologous for vertebrate forelimbs analogous for structures of flight |
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what can cause genetic changes |
-MUTATION -VGT -HGT -sexual repro -assexual repro |
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what makes archaea and bacteria two distinct domains of life |
-different cell wall structures -different cell membrane structures -different DNA replication |
