Biology Chapters 4-

Front 1

A group of cells that are similar and perform a common or related function.

Back 1

Tissue

Front 2

Lines the body cavities and covers the body's external surface.

Back 2

Epithelium Tissue

Front 3

Pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat.

Back 3

Muscle Tissue

Front 4

Transmits electrochemical impulses.

Back 4

Nervous Tissue

Front 5

Anchors, packages and supports body organs.

Back 5

Connective Tissue

Front 6

Cells may absorb, secrete and filter.

Back 6

Epithelium Tissue

Front 7

Most involved in regulating and controlling body functions.

Back 7

Nervous Tissue

Front 8

Major function is to contract.

Back 8

Muscle Tissue

Front 9

Synthesizes hormones.

Back 9

Epithelium Tissue

Front 10

The most durable tissue type.

Back 10

Connective Tissue

Front 11

Abundant nonliving extracellular matrix.

Back 11

Connective Tissue

Front 12

Most widespread tissue in the body.

Back 12

Connective Tissue

Front 13

Forms nerves and the brain.

Back 13

Nervous Tissue

Front 14

Five general characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Back 14

1. Polarity-cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal structure in both structure and function.
2. Specialized contacts-fit together to form continuous sheets.
3. Supported by connective tissue-all epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by connective tissue.
4. Avasular but integrated-although the epithelium is supplied by nerve fibers, it contains no blood vessels.
5. Regeneration-epithelium has a high regeneration capacity.

Front 15

On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?

Back 15

The number of cells present and the shape of the cells.

Front 16

What are five major functions of the epithelium in the body?

Back 16

Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Excretion
Secretion

Front 17

How does the function of stratified epithelia differ from the function of simple epithelia?

Back 17

Stratified epithelia is considered more durable, protection is its major role. Simple epithelia is usually very thin, protection is not one of its specialties. It is concerned mainly with absorption, secretion and filtration.

Front 18

Where is ciliated epithelium found and what role does it play?

Back 18

In the digestive and respiratory tract. It helps to move substances or cells through an internal passageway; propels sheets of dust-trapping mucus superiorly away from the lungs.

Front 19

Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium with special characteristics. How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia? How does the structural difference support its function?

Back 19

The apical cells vary in appearance, depending on the degree of distention of the organ. When the organ is distended with urine, the transitional epithelium thins from about six cell layers to three, and its dome-like apical cells flatten and become squamous-like. This allows a greater volume to be stored.

Front 20

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Back 20

Endocrine glands often lose their ducts and produce hormones which are secreted by exocytosis directly into the extracellular space. Exocrine glands secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities. These glands have more ducts.

Front 21

Location of epithelial cells

Lining of the esophagus

Back 21

Stratified squamous

Front 22

Location of epithelial cells

Lining of the stomach

Back 22

Simple columnar

Front 23

Location of epithelial cells

Alveolar sacs of the lungs

Back 23

Simple squamous

Front 24

Location of epithelial cells

Tubules of the kidney

Back 24

Simple cuboidal

Front 25

Location of epithelial cells

Epidermis of the skin

Back 25

Stratified squamous

Front 26

Location of epithelial cells

Lining of bladder; peculiar cells that have the ability to slide over each other

Back 26

Transitional

Front 27

Location of epithelial cells

Forms the thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells

Back 27

Simple Squamous

Front 28

What are the general characteristics of connective tissue?

Back 28

Common origin, degrees of vascularity and extracellular matrix.

Front 29

What are the function of connection tissue?

Back 29

Binding and support, protection, insulation and transportation.

Front 30

How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?

Back 30

The characteristics of the cells and the composition and arrangement of extracellular matrix elements vary tremendously

Front 31

This connective tissue attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones.

Back 31

Dense fibrous

Front 32

This connective tissue acts as a storage depot for fat.

Back 32

Adipose

Front 33

This connective tissue is the dermis of the skin.

Back 33

Dense Fibrous

Front 34

This connective tissue makes up the intervertebral discs.

Back 34

Fibrocartilage

Front 35

This connective tissue forms the hip bone.

Back 35

Osseous

Front 36

This connective tissue composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix.

Back 36

Areolar

Front 37

This connective tissue forms the larynx, the costal cartilage of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton.

Back 37

Hyaline

Front 38

This connective tissue provides a flexible framework for the external ear.

Back 38

Elastic

Front 39

This connective tissue is firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth.

Back 39

Hyaline

Front 40

This connective tissue's matrix is hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on.

Back 40

Osseous

Front 41

This connective tissue insulates against heat loss.

Back 41

Adipose

Front 42

This connective tissue is located in the walls of large arteries.

Back 42

Elastic

Front 43

What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons (nerve cells)?

Back 43

Branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions or processes that allow them to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses.

Front 44

Which muscles tissue(s) is/are controlled voluntarily?

Back 44

Skeletal

Front 45

Which muscle tissue(s) is/are controlled involuntarily?

Back 45

Cardiac and smooth

Front 46

Which muscle tissue(s) is/are striated?

Back 46

Skeletal and cardiac

Front 47

Which muscle tissue(s) has a single nucleus in each cell?

Back 47

Cardiac and smooth

Front 48

Which muscle tissue(s) has several nuclei per cell?

Back 48

Skeletal

Front 49

Which muscle tissue(s) is/are found attached to bones?

Back 49

Skeletal

Front 50

Which muscle tissue(s) allows you to direct your eyeballs?

Back 50

Skeletal

Front 51

Which muscle tissue(s) is/are found in the walls of the stomach, uterus and arteries?

Back 51

Smooth

Front 52

Which muscle tissue(s) contain spindle-shaped cells?

Back 52

Smooth

Front 53

Which muscle tissue(s) contain branching cylindrical cells?

Back 53

Cardiac

Front 54

Which muscle tissue(s) contain long, nonbranching cylindrical cells?

Back 54

Skeletal

Front 55

Which muscle tissue(s) has intercalated discs?

Back 55

Cardiac

Front 56

Which muscle tissue(s) is/are concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole?

Back 56

Skeletal

Front 57

Which muscle tissue(s) changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts?

Back 57

Smooth

Front 58

Which muscle tissue(s) is/are tissues of the heart?

Back 58

Cardiac

Front 59

The outermost layer of the skin is called the:

Back 59

Epidermis

Front 60

The pigment responsible for skin color is:

Back 60

Melanin

Front 61

Which skin layer that contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and nerve endings?

Back 61

Dermis

Front 62

The ___________ sweat glands are found in the groin, armpits, and anal region. They become active around puberty.

Back 62

Apocrine

Front 63

The innermost layer of the skin is called the:

Back 63

Hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)

Front 64

The fibrous protein that makes up your hair, fingernails, and toe nails is called:

Back 64

Keratin

Front 65

New hair cells divide and grow in the hair:

Back 65

Follicle

Front 66

These glands produce an oily substance that keeps the skin and hair from over-drying. The oily substance also has anti-bacterial properties.

Back 66

Sebaceous glands

Front 67

Which hair color develops due to the complete absence of melanin production?

Back 67

White

Front 68

Straight hair is a result of hair shafts that are ___________.

Back 68

Round

Front 69

What is true about the epidermis?

Back 69

The epidermis does not contain any blood vessels, the epidermis does not contain any nerve cells and the outer layer of the epidermis is composed of dead cells that are constantly sloughing.

Front 70

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing new cells?

Back 70

Stratum basale

Front 71

The cells in the skin that produce pigment are called __________.

Back 71

Melanocytes

Front 72

The sebaceous glands secrete an oil called _________.

Back 72

Sebum

Front 73

Cells that pull together the edges of a healing wound are called _________.

Back 73

Myofibroblasts

Front 74

The white portion half moon at the base of each nail is called the ________.

Back 74

Lunule

Front 75

A nurse pinches her client's fingernail, and measures how long it takes for the blanched color to return to a normal pink. She has just assessed this client's peripheral __________.

Back 75

Oxygenation

Front 76

Red hair is due to altered melanin that contains _________.

Back 76

Iron

Front 77

The __________ muscles attached to hair. When these muscles contract, the hair stands erect.

Back 77

Arrector pili

Front 78

The hypodermis contains ________ cells, called lipocytes.

Back 78

Fat

Front 79

A bleeding wound will eventually form a clot. The top portion of this clot is exposed to air and hardens, forming a _________.

Back 79

Scab

Front 80

List 3 functions of the skin.

Back 80

Protection for disease
Keeps boy from drying out
Storage for fatty tissue

Front 81

What kind of problems could develop is skin wounds healed fron the outside in (instead of from the inside out)?

Back 81

Infection, swelling

Front 82

Describe two ways the skin can help cool the body when it is too hot.

Back 82

Through sweating
Protective barrier to maintain homeostatic balance.

Front 83

Describe two ways the skin can help retain heat when it is cold outside.

Back 83

The fat cells insulate
Shivering/goosebumps

Front 84

Forehead Bone

Back 84

Frontal

Front 85

Cheekbone

Back 85

Zygomatic

Front 86

Lower jaw

Back 86

Mandible

Front 87

Bridge of nose

Back 87

Nasal

Front 88

Posterior bones of the hard palate

Back 88

Palatine

Front 89

Much of the lateral and superior cranium

Back 89

Parietal

Front 90

Most posterior part of cranium

Back 90

Occipital

Front 91

Single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial floor

Back 91

Sphenoid

Front 92

Tiny bones bearing tear ducts

Back 92

Lacrimal

Front 93

Anterior part of the hard palate

Back 93

Maxilla

Front 94

Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

Back 94

Ethmoid

Front 95

Site of mastoid process

Back 95

Temporal

Front 96

Site of sella turcica

Back 96

Sphenoid

Front 97

Site of cribriform plate

Back 97

Ethmoid

Front 98

Site of mental foramen

Back 98

Mandible

Front 99

Site of styloid processes

Back 99

Temporal

Front 100

Four bones containing paranasal sinuses

Back 100

Ethmoid, frontal, maxilla and sphenoid

Front 101

Condyles here articulate with the atlas

Back 101

Occipital

Front 102

Foramen mangum contained here

Back 102

Occipital

Front 103

Small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

Back 103

Hyoid

Front 104

Middle ear found here

Back 104

Temporal

Front 105

Nasal septum

Back 105

Vomer

Front 106

Bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's comb," or crista galli

Back 106

Ethmoid

Front 107

Contain alveoli bearing teeth

Back 107

Mandible, maxilla

Front 108

All bones of the adult skull are firmly united by interlocking joints called __________.

Back 108

Sutures

Front 109

What joints are connected by the lambdoid suture?

Back 109

The parietal and occipital bones

Front 110

What bones are connected by the squamous suture?

Back 110

The parietal and temporal bones

Front 111

Name the eight bones of the cranium.

Back 111

Left parietal, right parietal, left temporal, right temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

Front 112

What are two functions of the sinuses?

Back 112

Makes skull lighter and serve as resonating chambers during speech.

Front 113

What is the orbit?

Back 113

Bony cavities in which the eyes are firmly encased and cushioned by fatty tissue.

Front 114

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor?

Back 114

It forms a central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones.

Front 115

Vertebral type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain.

Back 115

Cervical vertebra-typical

Front 116

Dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra

Back 116

Axis

Front 117

Transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downward.

Back 117

Thoracic vertebra

Front 118

Composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally.

Back 118

Sacrum

Front 119

Massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining

Back 119

Lumbar vertebra

Front 120

"Tail-bone"; vestigial fused vertebrae

Back 120

Coccyx

Front 121

Supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles.

Back 121

Atlas

Front 122

Cavity enclosing the nerve cord

Back 122

Vertebral foramen

Front 123

Weight-bearing portion of the vertebra

Back 123

Body

Front 124

Provide levers against which muscles pull

Back 124

Spinous process and transverse process

Front 125

Provide an articulation point for the ribs

Back 125

Body and transverse process

Front 126

Openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

Back 126

Intervertebral foramina

Front 127

Structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord

Back 127

Body and vertebral arch

Front 128

How does a spinal nerve exit the vertebral column?

Back 128

Through openings between the adjacent vertebrae called intervertebral foramina.

Front 129

What are two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column.

Back 129

Intervertebral discs and curvatures

Front 130

What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs?

Back 130

Fibrocartilage

Front 131

What is a herniated disc? And what problems might it cause?

Back 131

A ruptured disc in which a portion of the disc protrudes outward. It might compress a nerve, leading to pain and possible paralysis.

Front 132

Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?!!!!!

Back 132

Thorasic and sacral. The cervical curvature develops when the baby begins to raise its head independently. The lumbar curvature forms when the baby begins to walk (assumes upright posture.

Front 133

The major bony component of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ___________.

Back 133

Ribs

Front 134

What is the difference between a true rib and a false rib?

Back 134

A true rib has its own costal cartilage attachment to the sternum; a false rib attaches to the sternum indirectly or not at all.

Front 135

Is a floating rib a true or a false rib?

Back 135

False

Front 136

What is the general shape of the thoracic cage?

Back 136

Inverted cone shape

Front 137

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for regenerating the most superficial layers?

Back 137

Stratum Basale

Front 138

What layer of the dermis is directly below the epidermis?

Back 138

Papillary Layer

Front 139

Which skin pigment is made in the skin itself?

Back 139

Melanin

Front 140

Which skin appendages aid in cooling the skin when the body temperature or the external environment temperature is high?

Back 140

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Front 141

Sam is so cold that he has "goose bumps." What causes goose bumps?

Back 141

Arrector pili muscles pulling hair follicles into an upright position.

Front 142

Which of the following is a metabolic function of the skin?

Back 142

Synthesis of a vitamin D precursor.

Front 143

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Back 143

Basal cell carcinoma.

Front 144

Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters?

Back 144

Second-degree burn

Front 145

What protects the fetus's skin within the water-filled amniotic sac?

Back 145

Vernix caseosa

Front 146

The skin is which type of barriers?

Back 146

Physical, chemical and biological

Front 147

What is the most common type of cartilage found between bones in freely moveable joints?

Back 147

Hyaline Cartilage

Front 148

What bone shape is the patella?

Back 148

Short bone

Front 149

What is osteoid?

Back 149

The organic part of the matrix of bone.

Front 150

Which bone cells form bone?

Back 150

Osteoblasts

Front 151

What is endochondral ossification?

Back 151

The formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline.

Front 152

What indicates that a long bone has reached its adult length?

Back 152

Closure of the epiphyseal plate.

Front 153

What controls bone remodeling?

Back 153

Mechanical stress and hormones