Biology Chapters 1-8

Front 1

Inductive Reasoning

Back 1

Predictive generalizations that are based on a large number of observations.

Front 2

Deductive Reasoning

Back 2

Hypothesis Based

Reasoning from more general statements to a conclusion that must be true.

Front 3

Hypothesis

Back 3

Tentative explanation for an observation

Front 4

Testable Hypothesis

Back 4

A hypothesis which can provide testable predictions for outcomes of experiments

Front 5

Occam's Razor

Back 5

If several explanations are compatible with the evidence then the simplest explanation should be the most likely.

Front 6

Negative Controls

Back 6

experiments in which nothing is done or added.

Front 7

Positive Controls

Back 7

Certain treatment has known effect and known effect is used to compare other treatments

Front 8

Composition of an Atom

Back 8

Nucleus composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons in orbitals around the atom.

Front 9

Atomic Number

Back 9

Determines number of protons in an atom

Front 10

Atomic Bonds

Back 10

Single, Double, or Triple

Based on electrons

One bond requires one pair of electrons

Front 11

Hydrogen

Back 11

Smallest atom, composed of one electron and one proton

Front 12

Ions

Back 12

atoms or molecules in which the number of protons does not equal the number of electrons

Front 13

Cations

Back 13

positively charged ions in which there are more protons than electrons

Front 14

Anions

Back 14

negatively charged ions in which there are fewer protons than electrons

Front 15

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Back 15

A chemical bond between two atoms in which electrons in the bond are shared equally between the atoms. Similar EN

Front 16

Polar Covalent Bonds

Back 16

a chemical bond between atoms of moderately different EN. Unequal sharing of electrons. Results in partial charges

Front 17

Electronegativity

Back 17

The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself. All atoms have constants EN. The ability it has to hold onto its own electrons

Front 18

Partial Charges

Back 18

Electrons have negative charge that shift towards the atom with higher EN and away from atom with lower EN

Front 19

C-H Bonds

Back 19

C and H have almost the same EN thus share electrons equally.

Most important polar covalent bonds O-H, N-H, O-C, N-C

Front 20

Ionic Bond

Back 20

If the two atoms have very different EN then the electrons are not shared but actually taken by the atom with the larger EN. No sharing

Front 21

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 21

Weak, transient bonds that are consequence of polar covalent bonds containing H.

Front 22

Hydrolosis

Back 22

Break apart with water

Front 23

Selective Permeability

Back 23

Cell decides what gets across the membrane.

Gases: Moves easily, Simple diffusion

Glucose: Polar molecule-Repelled by hydrophobic core, Need transport protein

Water-can diffuse across a phospholipid, simple diffusion, no transport protein,,,small.

Front 24

Aquaporines

Back 24

Transport proteins for water, create water channels across membrane.

Front 25

Diffusion

Back 25

Results in random mixing due to kinetic energy

Gas or liquid phase

Reaches Equilibrium

Diffusion goes from high [solute] to low [solute]

Front 26

Simple Diffusion

Back 26

Diffusion without a transport protein

Front 27

Osmosis

Back 27

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Front 28

diffusion of solutes

Back 28

Simple Diffusion: Down concentration gradient, no transport

Front 29

Polar Molecules

Back 29

Have partial charges

Front 30

Water Cohesion

Back 30

Due to H-bonding water molecules are attracted to each other.

Front 31

Water Adhesion

Back 31

Water is attracted to large/charged molecules, water will stick to the molecules

Front 32

Hydrophilic

Back 32

Water-liking

Front 33

Hydrophobic

Back 33

Water-fearing

Front 34

Carbon

Back 34

Always has four bonds. Low EN.

Front 35

Structural Isomerism

Back 35

When different molecules have same formula but different structure

Front 36

Macromolecules

Back 36

Very large biological molecules. Polymers composed of many monomer subunits.

Front 37

Large Biological Molecules

Back 37

Not as big as macromolecules.

Front 38

Polymer

Back 38

a large molecule composed of numerous linked monomers. Linked by covalent bonds.

Front 39

Condensation/ Dehydration Reaction

Back 39

Formation of a covalent bond with the loss of a water molecule

Front 40

Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis

Back 40

Several condensation reactions that lead to the formation of a macromolecule with addition of water molecule

Front 41

Hydrolysis of Macromolecules

Back 41

to remove damaged macromolecules or macromolecules that are no longer needed.

Front 42

Carbohydrates

Back 42

sugar or sugar-derived molecules. Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides.

Front 43

Lipids

Back 43

Large biological molecules that mix poorly with water. fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, fats and steroids.

Front 44

Phospholipids

Back 44

Composed of glycerol and 2 fatty acids and a head group contains phosphate.

Front 45

Phospholipid Bilayers

Back 45

Form the basis for biological membranes

Front 46

Steroids

Back 46

non-fatty acid-based lipids. 4 carbon-based rings. Hydrophobic. Roles: Hormones and structure.

Front 47

Proteins

Back 47

Polymers of amino acid monomers

Front 48

Amino Acids

Back 48

Defined by their R Group. 20 protein amino acids. Plants can have all 20. Animals are limited by their diet.

Front 49

Nucleic Acids

Back 49

Polymers of nucleotide monomers. DNA and RNA.

Front 50

Protein Native Conformation

Back 50

Sum of structures of functional protein

Front 51

Starch versus Cellulose

Back 51

Both glucose polymers. Starch: alpha-1,4 bonds which can be broken apart by the human digestive system. Cellulose: beta-1,4 binds which the human body cannot break apart. Major component of plant cells

Front 52

Nucleotide

Back 52

Nucleic acid monomer

Front 53

DNA

Back 53

sequence of nucleotides that code for proteins

Front 54

Monosaccharides

Back 54

sugar monomer. Carbon based. Highly water soluble. two or more OH groups

Front 55

Oligosaccharides

Back 55

2 or more sugar monomers. formed by condensation synthesis. Shorter chains are more water soluble.

Front 56

Glucose

Back 56

6 carbon sugar, monosaccharide, Important source of energy.

Front 57

Polysaccharides

Back 57

True macromolecules. extremely long chains of sugar monomers. Many condensation reactions. Attract water but not water soluble.

Front 58

Saturated fats

Back 58

C-C single bonds in fatty acids. Solid at room temp.

Front 59

Unsaturated fats

Back 59

Liquid at room temp. Have C=C bonds. Less hydrogen

Front 60

Oils versus Fats

Back 60

State.

Front 61

Primary Structure of a Protein

Back 61

The linear sequence of amino acids

Front 62

Secondary Structure of a protein

Back 62

3D. H-bonding between amino acids.

Front 63

Tertiary Structure of a Protein

Back 63

3D. Bonding between R groups

Front 64

Quaternary Structure of a Protein

Back 64

Three dimensional relationship of the subunits to each other.

Front 65

Denaturation

Back 65

Loss of native conformation. May or may not be reversible.

Front 66

Purines

Back 66

A, G. 2 ring structure

Pure As Gold

Front 67

Pyrimidines

Back 67

C, U, T. 1 ring structure

Cut the Pie

Front 68

Fluid Mosaic model

Back 68

Fluid: phospholipid bilayer

Mosaic: Proteins in bilayer

Front 69

Cell theory

Back 69

1. All organisms are comprised of cells

2. The cell is the basic living unit of organization

3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Other: Cells are bound by membrane, all cells contain DNA

Front 70

Eukaryote

Back 70

Presence of membrane. DNA in nucleus. Membrane bound organelles. Mostly animal cells

Front 71

Prokaryote

Back 71

No membrane. Free floating DNA. Non-membrane bound organelles. Plant cells.

Front 72

Nucleus

Back 72

Bound by nuclear envelope. contains all the cells DNA.

Front 73

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 73

Synthesis and Metabolism, Detoxification.

Front 74

Ribosomes

Back 74

Protein synthesis

Front 75

Golgi Apparatus

Back 75

Modify proteins. Synthesis of polysaccharides.

Front 76

Lysosomes

Back 76

Hydrolysis of macromolecules

Front 77

Vacuoles

Back 77

Storage, growth

Front 78

Mitochoindria

Back 78

Energy metabolism

Front 79

Chloroplasts

Back 79

Photosynthesis

Front 80

Cytoskeleton

Back 80

Network of fiber-like proteins, support cell.

Microtubules, Actin Filaments, Intermediate filaments.

Front 81

Flagella

Back 81

Long, single whip like, movement through medium

Front 82

Cilia

Back 82

shorter than flagella. movement across cell

Front 83

Extracellular matrix

Back 83

Cell to cell adhesion. Made up of proteins and saccharides.

Front 84

Animal Cell Junctions

Back 84

Tight:fluid movement, Desmosome:Joins cells, Gap:Select substances.

Front 85

Passive Transport

Back 85

Movement down concentration without help. Small non-polar molecules.

Front 86

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 86

Movement down concentration with help. Certain ions and molecules.

Front 87

Transport proteins

Back 87

Carrier proteins.

Front 88

Channel Proteins

Back 88

Hydrophilic core. allows polar molecules.

Front 89

Active Transport

Back 89

requires energy to transport against concentration

Front 90

Exocytosis

Back 90

Vesicles fuse to move things out of cell

Front 91

Endocytosis

Back 91

Vesicles fuse to bring things inside cell.

3 types

Front 92

Pinocytosis

Back 92

Plasma membrane blebs to bring something inside cell. forms a vesicle

Front 93

Phagocytosis

Back 93

Plasma membrane blebs outwards to bring something specific inside cell

Front 94

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

Back 94

Pit in plasma membrane that are targeted at molecules.

Front 95

Anabolism

Back 95

Producing more complex molecules from simpler molecules

Front 96

Catabolism

Back 96

Complex molecules are broken to simpler molecules

Front 97

Metabolism

Back 97

The sum of biochemical reactions of an organism

Front 98

Endomembrane System

Back 98

a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules out of the cell. ER, and Golgi

Front 99

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 99

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Front 100

Second Law of thermodynamics

Back 100

Energy transformation increases entropy of the universe

Front 101

Entropy

Back 101

Measure of randomness

Front 102

Gibbs Free Energy

Back 102

The portion of a systems energy that can perform work.

Front 103

Spontaneous Reactions

Back 103

Can occur without any input of energy.

Front 104

Non-spontaneous Reactions

Back 104

Needs energy. cannot occur on its own

Front 105

Coupling Reactions

Back 105

use of spontaneous reactions to drive forward non-spontaneous reactions

ATP---> ADP

Front 106

Main steps to Scientific MEthod

Back 106

1. Make observations

2. Forming hypothesis and predictions

3. Testing hypothesis

4. Evaluating Results

Front 107

Acid

Back 107

Concentration of H

Front 108

Base

Back 108

Concentration of OH

Front 109

Potential Energy

Back 109

The energy that is stored due to its position or arrangment of molecules

Front 110

Kinetic Energy

Back 110

The energy it possesses due to its motion

Front 111

Work

Back 111

Energy transferred,