Biology 103 Chapters 1&2

Front 1

Living systems are the ____ ____ chemical systems on earth

Back 1

Most complex

Front 2

Life is constrained by the properties of ___ and ___

Back 2

Chemistry, physics

Front 3

Science is becoming more

Back 3

Interdisciplinary

Front 4

___ unifies much of natural science ?

Back 4

Biology

Front 5

Name the 7 characteristics of all living organisms.

Back 5

1. Cellular organization

2. Ordered complexity

3. Sensitivity

4. Growth, development, reproduction

5. Energy utilization

6. Homeostasis

7. Evolutionary adaptation

Front 6

Living systems show ___

Back 6

Hierarchical organization

Front 7

Hierarchical organization- cellular organization level ____

Back 7

• atoms, molecules, organelles, cells

Front 8

A cell is the ___

Back 8

Basic unit of life

Front 9

Hierarchical organization- organismal level ___

Back 9

• tissues, organs, organ system

Front 10

What's the order of the population level?

Back 10

Population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Front 11

____ is an emergent property

Back 11

Life

Front 12

Earth is an ecosystem called the ____

Back 12

Biosphere

Front 13

Science aims to understand the natural world by ___ and ___

Back 13

Observation, reasoning

Front 14

Science begins with ____, therefore, much of science is purely ____.

Back 14

Observations, descriptive

Front 15

What's the two reasonings of science ?

Back 15

Deductive and inductive

Front 16

Uses general principles to make specific reasoning

Back 16

Deductive reasoning

Front 17

Uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

Back 17

Inductive reasoning

Front 18

Scientists use a ___ ___ to gain understanding of the natural world.

Back 18

Systematic approach

Front 19

What are the steps of a systematic approach ?

Back 19

1. Observation

2. Hypothesis formation

3. Prediction

4. Experimentation

5. Conclusion

Front 20

What is a hypothesis ?

Back 20

A possible explanation for an observation

Front 21

A hypothesis must be ___ to determine its validity. A hypothesis allows for __ to be made.

Back 21

Tested, predictions

Front 22

Test the ___. Must test only ___ ___ at a time. Consists of a ___ and ___ experiment.

Back 22

Hypothesis, one, test, controlled

Front 23

___ should make predictions

Back 23

Hypotheses

Front 24

___ provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses

Back 24

Predictions

Front 25

Hypothesis must be __ if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions

Back 25

Rejected

Front 26

To break a complex process down to its simpler parts?

Back 26

Reductionism

Front 27

What are the four factors for models in science ?

Back 27

1.way to organize thought

2. Parts provided by reductionist approach

3. Model shows how they fit together

4. Suggest experiments to test the model

Front 28

•Is a body of interconnected concepts

•Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning

•expresses ideas of most certainty

• Compare to general meaning of theory

–Implies a lack of knowledge or a guess

Back 28

Scientific theory

Front 29

Is intended to extend the boundaries of what we know

Back 29

Basic research

Front 30

May involve food additives or drugs, Foundation provided by basic research.

Back 30

Applied research

Front 31

Name Charles Darwins book

Back 31

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Front 32

Name Charles Darwins book

Back 32

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Front 33

What island did Darwin go to?

Back 33

Galapagos island

Front 34

What did Darwin study?

Back 34

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 35

What did Darwin study?

Back 35

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 36

Populations of plants and animals increase ___

Back 36

Geometrically

Front 37

What did Darwin study?

Back 37

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 38

Populations o plants and animals increase ___

Back 38

Geometrically

Front 39

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 39

Arithmetically

Front 40

What did Darwin study?

Back 40

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 41

Populations o plants and animals increase ___

Back 41

Geometrically

Front 42

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 42

Arithmetically

Front 43

Why do populations of species remain constant?

Back 43

Death limits population numbers

Front 44

What did Darwin study?

Back 44

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 45

Populations of plants and animals increase ___

Back 45

Geometrically

Front 46

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 46

Arithmetically

Front 47

Why do populations of species remain constant?

Back 47

Death limits population numbers

Front 48

How old is earth?

Back 48

4.5 billion years

Front 49

What did Darwin study?

Back 49

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 50

Populations o plants and animals increase ___

Back 50

Geometrically

Front 51

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 51

Arithmetically

Front 52

Why do populations of species remain constant?

Back 52

Death limits population numbers

Front 53

How old is earth?

Back 53

4.5 billion years

Front 54

All share the same basic array of limbs

Back 54

Vertebrate forelimbs

Front 55

What did Darwin study?

Back 55

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 56

Populations o plants and animals increase ___

Back 56

Geometrically

Front 57

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 57

Arithmetically

Front 58

Why do populations of species remain constant?

Back 58

Death limits population numbers

Front 59

How old is earth?

Back 59

4.5 billion years

Front 60

All share the same basic array of limbs

Back 60

Vertebrate forelimbs

Front 61

Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

Back 61

Mechanism for heredity

Front 62

What did Darwin study?

Back 62

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 63

Populations o plants and animals increase ___

Back 63

Geometrically

Front 64

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 64

Arithmetically

Front 65

Why do populations of species remain constant?

Back 65

Death limits population numbers

Front 66

How old is earth?

Back 66

4.5 billion years

Front 67

All share the same basic array of limbs

Back 67

Vertebrate forelimbs

Front 68

Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

Back 68

Mechanism for heredity

Front 69

Structures of different origin, used for the same purpose

Back 69

Analogous

Front 70

•all organisms are composed of cells

• cells are the basic unit of life

• all cells come from preexisting cells

Back 70

Cell theory

Front 71

What did Darwin study?

Back 71

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 72

Populations o plants and animals increase ___

Back 72

Geometrically

Front 73

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 73

Arithmetically

Front 74

Why do populations of species remain constant?

Back 74

Death limits population numbers

Front 75

How old is earth?

Back 75

4.5 billion years

Front 76

All share the same basic array of limbs

Back 76

Vertebrate forelimbs

Front 77

Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

Back 77

Mechanism for heredity

Front 78

Structures of different origin, used for the same purpose

Back 78

Analogous

Front 79

•all organisms are composed of cells

• cells are the basic unit of life

• all cells come from preexisting cells

Back 79

Cell theory

Front 80

Discrete unit of information

Back 80

Information

Front 81

What did Darwin study?

Back 81

Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population

Front 82

Entire set of DNA instructions

Back 82

Genome

Front 83

Populations o plants and animals increase ___

Back 83

Geometrically

Front 84

Humans can only increase their food supply ____

Back 84

Arithmetically

Front 85

Why do populations of species remain constant?

Back 85

Death limits population numbers

Front 86

How old is earth?

Back 86

4.5 billion years

Front 87

All share the same basic array of limbs

Back 87

Vertebrate forelimbs

Front 88

Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

Back 88

Mechanism for heredity

Front 89

Structures of different origin, used for the same purpose

Back 89

Analogous

Front 90

•all organisms are composed of cells

• cells are the basic unit of life

• all cells come from preexisting cells

Back 90

Cell theory

Front 91

Discrete unit of information

Back 91

Information

Front 92

Continuity of life depends on ___ ___ of DNA into daughter cells

Back 92

Faithful copying

Front 93

Diversity due to ____ changes over time

Back 93

Evolution

Front 94

___ systems are open systems

Back 94

Living

Front 95

Constant supply of energy is needed in the ___ ___

Back 95

Non-equilibrium state

Front 96

The no equilibrium state has ___ at different levels

Back 96

Self-organizing properties

Front 97

Matter has __ and occupies ___

Back 97

Mass, space

Front 98

All matter is composed of ___

Back 98

Atoms

Front 99

Understanding the __ of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of ___ molecules

Back 99

Structure, biological

Front 100

Atoms are composed of __

Back 100

Protons neutrons and electrons

Front 101

Positively charged particles located in the nucleus

Back 101

Protons

Front 102

Neutral particles located in the nucleus

Back 102

Neutrons

Front 103

Negatively charged particles found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus

Back 103

Electrons

Front 104

Single celled prokaryote

Back 104

Bacteria

Front 105

Number of protons that equals the number of electrons

Back 105

Atomic number

Front 106

Atoms are ___ __

Back 106

Electrically neutral

Front 107

Atomic number =

Back 107

Number of protons

Front 108

What is an Element ?

Back 108

Any substance that can't be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means

Front 109

Refers to amount of substance

Back 109

Mass

Front 110

Weight ?

Back 110

Refers to force gravity exerts on substance

Front 111

What is the sum of protons and neutrons?

Back 111

The atoms atomic mass

Front 112

Each proton and neutron has approximately ___ __of mass

Back 112

1 Dalton

Front 113

Negatively charged particles are located in the ?

Back 113

Orbitals

Front 114

__ atoms have the same number of electrons and protons

Back 114

Neutral

Front 115

Single celled prokaryote

Back 115

Archaea

Front 116

__ are charged particles

Back 116

Ions

Front 117

More protons than electrons

Back 117

Cation

Front 118

Fewer protons than electrons

Back 118

Anion

Front 119

Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons

Back 119

Isotopes

Front 120

___ isotopes are unstable and emit radiation as the nucleus breaks up

Back 120

Radioactive

Front 121

The time it takes for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay

Back 121

Half-life

Front 122

Key to the chemical behavior of an atom lies in the number and arrangement of its electrons in their orbitals

Back 122

Electron arrangement

Front 123

Electrons in discrete orbits

Back 123

Bohr model

Front 124

Area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found

Back 124

Orbital

Front 125

No orbital can contain more than __ electrons

Back 125

Two

Front 126

Single celled or multicellular eukaryote

Back 126

Eukarya

Front 127

Electrons have potential ___ related to their position.

Back 127

Energy

Front 128

Electrons __ from the nucleus have more energy

Back 128

Farther

Front 129

During some chemical reactions , electrons can be transferred from one atom to another

Back 129

Redox

Front 130

Loss of an electron

Back 130

Oxidation

Front 131

Gain of an electron

Back 131

Reduction

Front 132

Displays elements according to valence electrons

Back 132

Periodic table

Front 133

Number of electrons in outermost energy level

Back 133

Valence electrons

Front 134

Has all 8 electrons ?

Back 134

Inert (nonreactive) elements

Front 135

Octet rule ?

Back 135

atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels

Front 136

The periodic table has __ naturally occurring elements

Back 136

90

Front 137

All organisms today descended from a simple creature ____

Back 137

3.5 BYA

Front 138

Only __ elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts

Back 138

12

Front 139

What are the four elements make up 96.3% of the human body weight?

Back 139

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Front 140

Contains CHON

Back 140

Organic molecules

Front 141

Groups of atoms held together in a stable association

Back 141

Molecules

Front 142

Molecules containing more than one type of element

Back 142

Compounds

Front 143

Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by ___ ____

Back 143

Chemical bonds

Front 144

Form when atoms share two or more valence electrons

Back 144

Covalent bonds

Front 145

Depends on the number of shared electrons

Back 145

The strength of shared electrons

Front 146

are composed of more than 2 atoms – may share electrons with 2 or more atoms?

Back 146

Many biological compounds

Front 147

Atoms affinity for electrons

Back 147

Electronigitivigy

Front 148

Cells are ___ ___ systems

Back 148

Information processing

Front 149

Differences in ___ dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds.

Back 149

Electronegativity

Front 150

Nonpolar covalent bonds =

Back 150

Equal sharing of electrons

Front 151

Polar covalent bonds =

Back 151

Unequal sharing of electrons

Front 152

Involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

Back 152

Chemical reactions

Front 153

Shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of atoms

Back 153

Atoms

Front 154

Reactants are ..?

Back 154

Original molecules

Front 155

Molecules resulting from reaction

Back 155

Products

Front 156

Extent of chemical reaction influenced by..?

Back 156

Temperature

2.Concentration of reactants and products

3.Catalysts

Front 157

Many reactions are

Back 157

Reversible

Front 158

Life is inextricably tied to

Back 158

Water

Front 159

Information in DNA is used to ___ ___ of cellular components.

Back 159

Direct synthesis

Front 160

Single most outstanding chemical property of water is...

Back 160

It's ability to form hydrogen bonds

Front 161

Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions

Back 161

Ionic bonds

Front 162

Gain or loss of electrons forms

Back 162

Ions

Front 163

Electrical attraction of water molecules can disrupt __ __ __ __

Back 163

Forces holding ions together

Front 164

Within a water molecule, the bonds between __ and __ are highly polar

Back 164

Oxygen and hydrogen

Front 165

Control of ___ ___ leads to different cells/ tissue types

Back 165

Gene expression

Front 166

Cells process ___ ___

Back 166

Environmental information

Front 167

Cells in multicellular organisms must ___

Back 167

Coordinate with each other