Biology Cell Structure And Organisation Chapter 1.

Front 1

What are cells?

Back 1

Cells are the building blocks of life.

Front 2

Give 2 types of microscopes that can be used to see cells and their parts.

Back 2

Light microscope and electron microscope.

Front 3

State the magnification of the light microscope.

Back 3

The magnification of the light microscope is 1000 times.

Front 4

State the magnification of the electron microscope.

Back 4

The magnification of the electron microscope is 200,000 times.

Front 5

What are micrographs?

Back 5

Micrographs are the pictures taken when a camera is fitted in a microscope.

Front 6

State the colour of the light micrographs.

Back 6

Light micrographs comes out as coloured images.

Front 7

State the colour of the electron micrographs.

Back 7

Electron micrographs are black-and-white images.

Front 8

What does cutting a longitudinal section mean?

Back 8

Longitudinal section mean cutting along the length of the cell.

Front 9

What does cutting a transverse section mean?

Back 9

Transverse section mean cutting across the length of the cell.

Front 10

What does a cell consist of?

Back 10

Cell consist of a living material called protoplasm.

Front 11

How much water is there in the cell's protoplasm?

Back 11

About 70% of the cell's protoplasm is water.

Front 12

State the 3 parts of the protoplasm of a cell.

Back 12

The protoplasm of a cell is made up of the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.

Front 13

What are phospholipid layers?

Back 13

Phospholipid layers are layers composed of lipids, phosphate groups and proteins.

Front 14

Describe the cell membrane/ plasma membrane.

Back 14

The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell.It is a partially permeable membrane.

Front 15

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Back 15

The cell membrane controls substances entering or leaving the cell.

Front 16

Where is the cytoplasm situated in the cell.

Back 16

The cytoplasm is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

Front 17

What does the cytoplasm contains?[2]

Back 17

The cytoplasm contains enzymes and specialised structures called organelles.

Front 18

Describe the nucleus.

Back 18

The nucleus consists of a small round mass of denser protoplasm surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Inside the nucleus, there are thread-like structures called chromosomes.

Front 19

Give 2 functions of the nucleus.

Back 19

Functions of the nucleus:

1)The nucleus controls cell activities such as cell growth and the repair of worn-out parts.

2)The nucleus is essential for cell division.

Front 20

What happens to cells that don't have a nucleus such as the red blood cells?[2]

Back 20

Cells without the nucleus have a short lifespan and are unable to divide.

Front 21

Draw a labelled animal cell.

Back 21

Cell membrane, nucleus (nuclear membrane and chromosome),cytoplasm.

Front 22

Describe the cell wall.

Back 22

The cell wall is a non-living cell that encloses the entire plant cell, surrounding the cell membrane. The cell wall is fully permeable.

Front 23

What is the cell wall made up of?

Back 23

The cell wall is made up of cellulose.

Front 24

What are the functions of the cell wall? (2)

Back 24

The cell wall protects the cell from injury and gives the plant cell a fixed shape.

Front 25

Describe chloroplasts.

Back 25

Chroroplasts are oval structures in plant cells which contain :

membranes containing chlorophyll for the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis and

Fluid stroma for the light-independent stage.

Front 26

Describe vacuoles.

Back 26

A vacuole is a fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane. Vacuoles store substances within the cell.

Front 27

What does the vacuoles of animal cells contain?

Back 27

The vacuoles of animal cells contain water and food substances.

Front 28

What does the vacuole of plant cells contain?

Back 28

Plant cells have a large central vacuole that contains a liquid called cell sap. The large central vacuole is enclosed by the tonoplast.

Front 29

What does the cell sap contains?

Back 29

The cell sap contains dissolved substances such as sugars, mineral salts and amino acids.

Front 30

Give 3 differences between the plant cell and an Animal cell.

Back 30

Differences between the plant cell and an Animal cell:

1)Plant cells have a cell wall whereas animal cells doesn't have a cell wall.

2)Chloroplasts are present in plant cells whereas chloroplasts are absent in animal cells.

3)There is a large central vacuole in plant cells whereas there are many small vacuoles in animal cells.

Front 31

What is differentiation?

Back 31

Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function.

Front 32

How is the cell structure of red blood cell related to its cell function? [3]

Back 32

1)The red blood cell contains a red pigment called haemoglobin.

Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.

2)The red blood cell has no nucleus,enabling it to carry more haemoglobin and hence more oxygen.

3)The red blood cell has a circular biconcave shape. This increases the surface area to volume ratio of the cell. As a result,oxygen can diffuse into and out of the entire cell at a faster rate.

Front 33

Draw the three types of xylem vessels.

Back 33

Annular(lignin deposited in rings)

Spiral(spiral band of lingnin)

Pitted

Front 34

How is the cell structure of Xylem vessel related to its cell function? [3]

Back 34

1) Xylem vessels are long hollow tubes formed out of xylem vessels laid end to end.

They conduct water and mineral salts from the roots up to the stem and leaves.

2)Xylem vessels do not have cross-walls or protoplasm.

This enables water to move easily up the xylem vessels with reduced resistance.

3)A substance called lignin is deposited on the walls of xylem vessels.

Lignin strengthens the walls and prevents the vessels from collapsing.

Front 35

What happens when xylem vessels are bundled together?

Back 35

When xylem vessels are bundled together, they provide mechanical support to the plant.

Front 36

How is the cell structure of root hair cell related to its cell function? [1]

Back 36

The root hair cell is long and narrow.

This increases the surface area to volume ratio of the cell.As a result,water and mineral salts can be efficiently absorbed from the soil.

Front 37

What is blood?

Back 37

Blood is a liquid tissue that has the function of transporting substances around the body.

Front 38

What is a tissue?

Back 38

A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function.

Front 39

What is a simple tissue?

Back 39

A simple tissue are cells of the same type that work together to perform a specific function.

Front 40

Give 2 examples of simple tissues in animals and explain them.

Back 40

1) epithelial tissue/ epithelium is a sheet of cells which covers both the internal and external surfaces of the body.

2)The muscle tissue is a collection of muscle cells which help the body to move by contracting.

Front 41

What is the epidermis?

Back 41

The epidermis is the sheet of cells covering the external surface of the body.

Front 42

Give an example of simple tissues in plants.

Back 42

The leaves and stem of the plants have covering tissues called the epidermis.

Front 43

What are complex tissues?

Back 43

Complex tissues are tissues that are made up of several types of cells.

Front 44

Where are connective tissues found?

Back 44

A connective tissue is the tissue found inside an organ or between organs.

Front 45

What is the function of the connective tissue?

Back 45

The connective tissue connects the different parts of an organ or organs together.

Front 46

Give 4 examples of complex tissues in animal .

Back 46

Complex tissues in animal cells:

1)connective tissue

2)nervous tissue

3)glandular tissue

4)bone tissue

Front 47

Give an example of complex tissues in plants.

Back 47

The vascular tissue is made up of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

Front 48

What is an organ?

Back 48

An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

Front 49

What is the function of the stomach?

Back 49

The stomach temporarily store food, digest and churn it.

Front 50

Describe the 4 different kind of tissues that make the stomach.

Back 50

The stomach is made up of 4 different kinds of tissues:

1)glandular tissue: secretes digestive juices to digest food

2)muscular tissue; causes the stomach to contract and mix the food with the digestive juices

3)connective tissue : connects the other tissues together

4)nervous tissue: coordinates the actions of the stomach.

Front 51

Give an example of an organ in plants and the tissues the organ contains.

Back 51

Leaf. The leaf contains palisade tissues, spongy mesophyll tissue, xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

Front 52

Give 3 other examples of organs in plants.

Back 52

Organs in plants:

1)roots

2)stems

3)flowers.

Front 53

Which organ in the human body covers the largest surface area?

Back 53

The skin is the organ that covers the largest surface the area in the human body.

Front 54

What are organ systems?

Back 54

Organs work together to form organ systems.

Front 55

Give 2 examples of organ systems .

Back 55

Examples of organ systems:

1)digestive system

2)respiratory system.

Front 56

What is an organism?

Back 56

Various systems work together to form organisms.