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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the nucleus? |
It retains the genetic information which codes for protein synthesis |
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What is the function of the nucleolus? |
It’s a small spherical body that synthesises ribosomal DNA |
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What is the function of the nuclear pore? |
It allows the transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus |
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What is the nuclear envelope? |
It’s a double membrane around the nucleus |
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What is chromatin? |
Coils of DNA bound to Huston’s protein |
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What happens to chromatin during cell division? |
If condensed to form chromosomes |
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What is the nucleoplasm? |
Cytoplasm- like material that holds the chromatin |
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Name the 3 components of a ribosome. |
A large subunit made of rRNA and protein, mRNA and a small subunit |
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What is the function of ribosomes? |
It’s where protein synthesis occurs |
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Where are ribosomes found? |
In the cytoplasm of RER |
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What is the function of a mitochondrion? |
They release energy in the form of ATP during aerobic respiration |
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What is the function of the DNA strand in mitochondria? |
It allows self replication to respond to the energy needs of the cell |
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What is the function of the matrix in mitochondria? |
It contains many chemical compounds such as lipids and proteins, stages of respiration occur within the matrix |
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What is the function of the cristae in mitochondria? |
It increases the surface area for ATP synthesis to occur |
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What is the mitochondrial envelope in mitochondria? |
A double membrane with a narrow fluid filled space |
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What is RER? |
An internal system of flattened membranous sacs |
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What is the function of RER? |
It is used for protein synthesis and transport of proteins |
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What is the function of SER? |
It is involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids |
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Give the 5 main functions of the Golgi body. |
1. Modifying and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles 2. Secreting carbs 3. Producing glycoproteins 4. Transporting and storing lipids 5. Forming lysosomes |
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What is the Cisterna in the Golgi body? |
Interconnected flattened membranous sacs |
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What happens to vesicles when the fuse with the Golgi body? |
Vesicles containing polypeptides pinch of the RER and fuse with the Golgi body, at the other end vesicles are released containing modified proteins |
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What are the centrioles? |
Two rings of microtubles arranged in hollow cylinders at right angles to each other |
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What are centrioles found in? |
All animals, most proticists but not plants |
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What is the function of centrioles? |
They migrate to opposite ends of the cell and form the spindle during cell division |
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Give the two main functions of lysosomes. |
1. To release enzymes to break down worn out organelles 2. To digest material taken into the cell, e.g. bacteria |
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What is the tonoplast? |
A single membrane surrounding plant cell vacuoles |
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What is cell sap? |
A solution that stores chemicals such as glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins |
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What is the function of planet cell vacuoles? |
They support soft plant tissues by maintains internal turgor pressure, aswell as storing pigments and nutrients and waste products. |
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What are animal cell vacuoles like? |
They are small temporary vesicles that occurs in large numbers, e.g. formed during phagocytosis to hold bacteria |
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What is the function of the circular DNA strand in chloroplasts for? |
For self replication |
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What are grana made of? |
Flattened sacs called thylakoids are stacked to form grana connected to each other by lamellae |
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What is the stroma? |
A colourless gelatinous matrix that contains ribosomes, DNA, lipids and starch granules |
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What is the function of chloroplasts? |
They are the site of photosynthesis in plants. |
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What is found within each thylakoid? |
Photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll |
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What is the cell wall made up of? |
Cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide matrix called pectin |
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What are plasmodesmata? |
Narrow pores filled with cytoplasm |
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What is the function of plasmodesmata? |
To allow substances to move between cells |
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What is the function of the cell wall? |
It confers eighth on plant cells, preventing them from bursting |
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What are the 7 steps in the secretion of proteins? |
1. In the Nucleus DNA is copied to produce mRNA 2. Nuclear pores allow mRNA to leave the nucleus and attach to ribosomes on the RER 3. Protein synthesis occurs 4. Polypeptides move through the RER and are packaged into vesicles 5. The vesicle fuses with the Golgi body and sheds its content, the protein is modified then buds of the over end 6. Secretory vesicles carry the protein to the cell membrane for secretion by exocytosis 7. The protein is released |
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What are the 4 steps in the endosymbiotic theory? |
1. Organelles were originally free living prokaryotic cells 2. They were engulfed by a cell through endocytosis gaining an additional membrane 3. Mitochondria gained protection am from the cell and the he’ll gained ATP from mitochondria 4. Eventually the prokaryote formed the mitochondrion inside the cell |
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How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes nuclei differ? |
Prokaryotes- no nucleus just DNA free in cytoplasm and plasmids Eukaryotes- a nucleus that contains DNA combine with Huston’s protein in chromosomes |
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What is the difference between the way prokaryotes and eukaryotes produce? |
Prokaryotes- through binary fission Eukaryotes- through mitosis and meiosis |
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What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes cell walls? |
Prokaryotes- peptidolycan (Murein) cell wall and a capsule for protection Eukaryotes- cellulose cell wall chitin in fungi |
