Biology 3101C: Units 1-4

Front 1

The study of genes and heredity, the branch of biology dealing with the principle of variation and inheritance in organisms.

Back 1

Genetics

Front 2

The processes of passing genetic information and traits from one generation to the next.

Back 2

Heredity

Front 3

This is a specific characteristics of an individual, or phenotypic feature of an individual.

Back 3

Traits

Front 4

Traits can be determined by what?

Back 4

Environment factors, genes or both

Front 5

This refers to an individuals observable traits

Back 5

Phenotype

Front 6

This can be defined as the forms of traits, or significant deviations from the normal biological form, function, or structure.

Back 6

Biological variation or variations

Front 7

This is the parent generation, which is the original pair of parents at the start of a genetic cross experiment.

Back 7

P generation

Front 8

The first filla generation of the off spring of the parents

Back 8

F1 Generation

Front 9

The second filial generation of the offspring, generated through inbreeding of the F individuals

Back 9

F2 generation

Front 10

This is an offspring of the parent that differs genetically in traits. It is an organism that is heterozygous for a trait.

Back 10

Hybrid

Front 11

Having descended from ancestors of a distinct type of breed.

Back 11

Purebred

Front 12

This is when one allele is fully dominant over the other. The type of inheritance in which both heterozygotes & dominant homozygous have the same phenotype.

Back 12

Complete dominance

Front 13

This is one of two or more DNA sequence occuring at a particular gene.

Back 13

Allele

Front 14

This is the presence of two different alleles at one locus in an individual.

Back 14

Heterozygous

Front 15

This is the genetic make-up of an organism; remains constant throughout an individuals life. Usually indicated by the combinations of letters in a punnet square.

Back 15

Genotype

Front 16

This is the specific sequence of DNA that governs the expression of a particular trait and can be passed to an offspring.

Back 16

Gene

Front 17

The type of trait in which the characteristics is always expressed, or appears in an individual.

Back 17

Dominant

Front 18

A type of trait that isn't always expressed, having an allele that is present but inactive and therefore is not expressed.

Back 18

Recessive

Front 19

This describes an individual with two alleles at one locus that are identical.

Back 19

Homozygous

Front 20

This is a cross of two heterozygous individuals that differ in one trait (ex. Aa×Aa)

Back 20

Monohybrid

Front 21

The square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

Back 21

Punnet square

Front 22

This is when the hereditary traits are determined by pairs of alleles from each parent. These alleles seperate during gamete formation, giving each offspring only one allele from each parent.

Back 22

Mendel's Law of Segregation

Front 23

This is when individuals of contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will express only the dominant trait.

Back 23

Mendels Principle of Dominance

Front 24

This is a cross between two heterozygous individuals that differ in two traits (ex. AaBb×AaBb)

Back 24

Dihybrid Cross

Front 25

This states that different pairs of alleles are passed to the offsprings independently of each other. Meaning that the offspring may have new combinations of alleles that are not present in either parent.

Back 25

The Law of Independent Assortment

Front 26

This is the blending of traits of two different alleles at one locus that occurs when neither allele is dominant.

Back 26

Incomplete Dominance

Front 27

This describes a situation where two alleles may be expressed equally. The situation occurs when two different alleles for a trait are both dominant.

Back 27

Co-dominance

Front 28

This is patterns of inheritance when a gene may have more than two alleles for any given trait.

Back 28

Multiple alleles

Front 29

This states that genes are found at specific locations on a chromosome, and that chromosomes provide basis for the process of Segregation and independent Assortment of the gene.

Back 29

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Front 30

This states that genes exist at specific sites arranged in a linear line fashion along chromosomes.

Back 30

The Gene-Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Front 31

This is the process in which non-sister chromatids exchange genes during prophase 1 of meiosis allowing for recombination of genes.

Back 31

Crossing Over

Front 32

This is the transfer of genes on the X or Y chromosome from one generation to the next.

Back 32

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Front 33

This is the result of many traits being controlled by more than one gene (ex. Eye colour, hair or fur colour, body shape, etc)

Back 33

Polygenic inheritance

Front 34

These are the monomers of nucleic acids

Back 34

Nucleotides

Front 35

The four nitrogenous bases that are found in DNA:

Back 35

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T)

Front 36

The four nitrogenous bases that are found in RNA:

Back 36

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U)

Front 37

This consists of two double helical strands twisted around each other in a double helix. Each strand containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base.

Back 37

Watson and Crick's Model of DNA

Front 38

DNA model & how it is like a ladder:

Back 38

The handrails of the molecule are made up of alternating sugar and phophaste groups, with the phosphate groups serving as bridges between nucleotides. Rungs of the ladder are the nitrogenous bases.

Front 39

The two strands of DNA double helix are complementary with each other so each purine base pairs with a pyrimidine base on the opposite side:

Back 39

A pairs with T or U. C pairs with G

Front 40

The three main structural differences between RNA and DNA:

Back 40

1. RNA contains Uracil - DNA contains Thymine.

2. RNA has sugar ribose - DNA has the sugar deoxyribose.

3. RNA is a single strand - DNA is double stranded.

Front 41

This means that when a molecule of DNA is copied, each new molecule contains one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA.

Back 41

Semi-conservative

Front 42

The three main stages of DNA replication:

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Initiation, Elongation and Termination.

Front 43

This is when a portion of the double helix is unwound.

Back 43

Initiation

Front 44

This is when two new strands of DNA are assembled.

Back 44

Elongation

Front 45

This is when the new DNA molecules re-form into helices.

Back 45

Termination

Front 46

This is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.

Back 46

Gene expression

Front 47

The two stages of gene expression:

Back 47

Transcription and translation

Front 48

This is when a strand of mRNA is produced that is complementary to a segment of DNA. This process takes place in the cell nucleus of an eukaryotic cell and in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.

Back 48

Transcription

Front 49

This is the second stage of gene expression in which a ribosome produces a polypeptide, using the coded mRNA instructions.

Back 49

Translation

Front 50

This is a linear strand of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the protein synthesis machinery of the cell.

Back 50

Messenger RNA or mRNA

Front 51

They have a characteristic cloverleaf shape and at the end of one lobe is the anticodon.

Back 51

Transfer RNA or tRNA

Front 52

This is a linear strand of RNA that always stays bound to proteins within ribosomes. Function is to supply the site on the ribosome where the polypeptide is assembled during polypeptide synthesis.

Back 52

Ribosomal RNA or rRNA

Front 53

This is a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism and it can change the genetic information of a gene, causing the gene to function improperly or not at all.

Back 53

Mutation

Front 54

This is a pattern of inheritance in which a trait is controlled by more than one gene.

Back 54

Polygenic inheritance

Front 55

This is the range of variation in one trait resulting from the protein products produced by many genes.

Back 55

Continuous variation

Front 56

These work along other genes to control the expression of a trait.

Back 56

Modifier genes

Front 57

This is the change in physical structure of a chromosome in which portion of the chromosome is lost.

Back 57

Deletion

Front 58

This is the change in physical structure of a chromosome in which a gene sequence is repeated one or more times within one or several chromosomes.

Back 58

Duplication

Front 59

This is the physical change of a chromosome where a part of one chromosome changes places with part of the same or different chromosome.

Back 59

Translocation