Biology

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Cell Theory

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A fundamental concept of biology- by concluding that all cells come from previously existing cells

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Three principles of cell theory

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1.) Every organism is made up of three principles 2.) The smallest organism are single cells, and cells are the functional unit of multicellular organisms.

1.) Every organism is made up of three principles 2.) The smallest organism are single cells, and cells are the functional unit of multicellular organisms.3.) All cells arise from preexisting cells.

3.) All cells arise from preexisting cells.

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Light microscopes

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Use lenses made of glass or quartz to bend, focus and transmit light rays that have passed through pr bounced off a specimen.

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Transmission electron microscopes

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Pass electrons through a thin specimen and can reveal the details of interior cell structures

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Prokarytic

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The single cells of bacteria and archea, the simplest forms of life.

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Eukaryotic

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The genetic material is contained within a membrane enclosed nucleus, more complex and make up the bodies of animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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Plasma Membrane

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Surrounded by an extremely thin membrane, consists of proteins embedded in a double layer, bilateral of phospholipids

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Cytoplasm

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Concsist of all fluids and structures that lie inside the plasma membrane but outside of the nucleus.

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Cytoskeleton

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Consists of variety of protein filaments within the cytoplasm. These filaments provide support, transport structures within the cell, and allow cells to move and change shape.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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Genetic material in all cells, encodes am inherited set of instructions in segments called genes

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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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Chemically similar to DNA and helps construct proteins based on the genetic instructions.

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Ribosomes

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The proteins that construct RBA

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Cell wall

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Stiff covering that the cells secretes around itself, provides protection and helps the prokaryotic cell maintain its shape

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Pili

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Hairs

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Flagella (whip), flagellum

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Extends from the. Ell surface and rotates to properties cell through a fluid environment.

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Organelles (little organs)

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Membrane-enclosed structure specialized for a particular function

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Extracellular matrix

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Surrounds cells, providing biochemical and structural support

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Cillia

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Moves the cells through fluid or move fluid past the cell surface.

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Genetic material

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Encodes the info. Needed to construct the cell and to control cellular activity

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Chromosomes

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Contain and control the use of DNA

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Nucleus(2)

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Contains chromosomes and nucleoli

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Nuclear envelope

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Encloses the nucleus; regulates movement of materials into and out of the nucleus

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Nucleolus

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Synthesizes ribsomes

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Ribosomes

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Provides sites for protein synthesis

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Mitochondria

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Produce energy by aerobic metabolism

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Chloroplasts

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Perform photosynthesis

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Synthesizes membrane components, proteins, and lipids

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Golgi Appartus

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Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

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Lysosomes

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Contain digestive enzymes; digest food and worn-out organelles

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Plastids

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Store food, pigments.

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Central vacuole

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Contains water and waste; provides turgor pressure to support the cell.

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Centrioles

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Produce the basalbodies of Cillian and flagella

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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Labyrinthine tubular membrane that forms interconnected sacs and channels through out the cytosol (inside the cytoplasm)