Biology - Exam

Front 1

History records that the works of mendel were incomplete, because he failed to discuss in detail the ____ or genes that he mentioned in his laws of inheritance

Back 1

Factors

Front 2

After his time the _______ formulated by ______ and ____ became very popular as it explained that genes are found in the chromosomes

Back 2

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

Sutton and boveri

Front 3

____ are structures found inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the genes

Back 3

Chromosomes

Front 4

With ____, we get a blending of the dominant and recessive traits so that the 3rd phenotype is something in the middle

Back 4

Incomplete dominance

Front 5

The situation in which F1 does not resemble either parent is called

Back 5

Incomplete dominance

Front 6

___ describes a situation in which both alleles are expressed at the same time

Back 6

Codomimance

Front 7

Is is true that individuals within a population have___

Back 7

Two alleles per gene

Front 8

A good example of multiple alleles is the ___ blood group of humand

Back 8

ABO

Front 9

A _____ controls ABO blood type

Back 9

Single gene

Front 10

Universal recipient

Back 10

AB+

Front 11

Universal Donor

Back 11

O-

Front 12

___ is a segment of DNA that encodes a unique protein that performs a specialized function in the cell

Back 12

Gene

Front 13

__ is also capable of storing information and capable of self-replication and can undergo mutations

Back 13

Gene

Front 14

How does something so small contain all the genetic information of an organism?

Back 14

The answer lies in the chemical make up of DNA

Front 15

DNA stands for

Back 15

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 16

Found within the nucleus of every cells

Back 16

DNA

Front 17

DNA contains 4 bases:?

Back 17

A- adenine

G- guanina

C- cytosine

T- thymine

Front 18

Adenine and Guanine are?

Back 18

Double-ring structures calle Purines

Front 19

Thymine and cytosine are

Back 19

Single-ring structures called pyrimidines

Front 20

The ____ is the is the building blocks of DNA

Back 20

Nucleotide

Front 21

Nucleotide is made up of four bases

Back 21

Five-carbon

Sugar

Deoxyribose

Phosphate group

Front 22

The model shows that paired nucleotide, which always occur as A-T or G-C, are linked by hydrogen bonds

Back 22

Watson and Crick model

Front 23

How DNA copies itself

Back 23

1. An enzyme breaks the bond between the nitrogen bases. The two strands of DNA splits

2. The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the free nucleotides found in the cytoplasm

3. The complementary nucleotides join to form new strands. Two new DNA molecules, each with a parent strand and each with a new daughter strand, are formed

Front 24

How DNA Copies itself? Replication

Back 24

The DNA replication is known as semi– conservative replication, because one of the old strands is conserved in each daughter molecule

Front 25

RNA stands for?

Back 25

Ribonucleic acid

Front 26

___ Long strand made up of building blocks called ___

Back 26

RNA

nucleotides

Front 27

Has a single chain and does not entwine in a double helix

Back 27

RNA

Front 28

RNA four bases are

Back 28

Guanine

Cytosine

Adenine

Uracil (instead of thymine)

Front 29

Comparison between DNA and RNA?

Sugar

Back 29

DNA – DEOXYRIBOSE

RNA – RIBOSE

Front 30

Comparison of DNA and RNA?

Bases

Back 30

DNA – A, T, G, C

RNA – A, U, G, C

Front 31

Cycle genes- protein- cells -tissue- organs - system

Back 31

Genes make protein

Protein make cells

Cells make tissues

Tissues make organs

Organs make organ systems

Organ systems make YOU

Front 32

The term refers to any technique that uses living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms fo specific uses.

Back 32

Biotechnology

Front 33

Is a process of altering the genes which you find in all living things.

Back 33

Genetic engineering

Front 34

Organisms whose genes are altered or modified for specific purposes are called

Back 34

Transgenic organisms

Front 35

Process in genetic engineering

Back 35

• 1st identify the section of DNA that contains required gene from the source chromosomes

• extract the required gene

• bacterial plasmid is removed from the bacterial cell and cut open using enzymes

•insert plasmid into host cell and sealed using enzymes

•grow transformed cells to produce a genetically modified organism (GMO)

Front 36

Involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes

Back 36

Genetic engineering

Front 37

What are the uses of genetic engineering?

Back 37

• repairing a genetic "defect"

• enhancing an effect already natural to that organism

• increasing resistance to disease or external damage

•getting micro-organism to produce human insulin for diabetics

Front 38

___ is a method that scientists use to produce a genetic copy of another individual

Back 38

Cloning

Front 39

The introduction of ____ technology paved the way in developing different concepts and interventions in the field of biology

Back 39

Recombinant DNA

Front 40

People began to discover many thingd to lessen the problems encountered includes? (3)

Back 40

Application in crop improvement

Application in medicine

Industrial applications

Front 41

____ derived from biomass and these are renewable and cost effective

Back 41

Biofuels

Front 42

____ plays an important role in a beneficial and large scale production of ___

Back 42

Genetic engineering

Biofuels

Front 43

___ is the study of how traits are passed on from the parents to the offspring

Back 43

Heredity

Front 44

____ is the study of heredity and variation

Back 44

Genetics

Front 45

An Australian by nationality and a monk by vocation

Back 45

Gregor Mendel

Front 46

He worked and lived in a monastery with large gardens planted with different kinds of?

Back 46

Peas

Front 47

Why gregor got interested in peas?

Back 47

Several of their distinguishing character traits.

Peas have traits that are easily noticeable

Easy to breed and grow

Front 48

Involves a cross using a single factor or character traits

Back 48

Monohybrid cross

Front 49

In the cross stands for the first parents (the pure breeds)

Back 49

P1

Front 50

Stands for the first filial generation or first offspring

Back 50

F1

Front 51

___ because they are the result of a cross between two pure-breeding plants. They resemble one another and one of the parents

Back 51

Hybrids

Front 52

Mendel's hypothesis based on his experiments

Back 52

There must be a factor in plants that controls the appearance of a trait

Front 53

What factor is in the plants that controls the appearance

Back 53

Gene

Front 54

There are two alternative reasoned further that traits are expression of a trait, he controlled not only by one but a pair of factors now called ___

Back 54

Alleles

Front 55

Resulted to the formulation of his hypothesis which states that?

Back 55

In every organism, there is a pair of factors that control the appearance of a particular trait.

Front 56

Mendel was able to hypothesize that:

Back 56

One member of the pair of factors may hide or prevent the appearance of the other factor

Front 57

Refers to the inheritance of traits that are typically passed vertically from parent to child

Back 57

Dominant trait

Front 58

refers to a trait that is expressed only when genotype is homozygous; a trait that tends to be masked by other inherited traits

Back 58

Recessive trait

Front 59

These alleles may be represented this way: a ___ letter for dominant trait, and ___ letter for the recessive trait

Back 59

Big

Small

Front 60

The alleles which are represented by paired letters are referred to as the individual___

Back 60

Genotype

Front 61

Refers to the genetic composition of the person

Back 61

Genotype

Front 62

___ is the Physical appearance or feature of the person

Back 62

Phenotype

Front 63

Same allele (BB, bb)

Back 63

Homozygous

Front 64

Different alleles (Bb, bB)

Back 64

Heterozygous

Front 65

During gamete formation, the pair of factor segregate or separate from each other

Back 65

The law of segregation

Front 66

It states that during fertilization, the genes come together again to form new combinations

Back 66

Law of a combination

Front 67

A new era of biology began in 1859 when charles darwin published the?

Back 67

The origin of species

Front 68

The origin of species focus biologist's attention on the____

Back 68

Great diversity of organisms

Front 69

____ noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species

Back 69

Darwin

Front 70

____ can be defined by darwin's phrase descent with modification

Back 70

Evolution

Front 71

____ can be viewed as both a pattern and a process

Back 71

Evolution

Front 72

The greek philosopher____ viewed species as fix and arranged them on scala naturae

Back 72

Aristotle

Front 73

The _____ holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect

Back 73

Old testament

Front 74

_____ interpreted organismal adaptation as evidence that the creator had designed each species for a specific purpose

Back 74

Carolus linnaeus

Front 75

Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organism

Back 75

Linnaeus

Front 76

He develop the ____ format for naming species. Ex.?

Back 76

Binomial

Example homo sapiens

Front 77

The study of_____ helped to lay the groundwork for darwin's ideas

Back 77

Fossils

Front 78

____ are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in _____ which appears in layer of____

Back 78

Fossils

sedimentary rock

strata

Front 79

____ , the study of fossils, was larger developed by french scientist ____

Back 79

Paleontology

Georges cuvier

Front 80

Georges cuvier advocated _____, speculating that each boundary between strata represent a catastrophe

Back 80

Catastrophism

Front 81

2 geologist _____&_____ perceived that things changes in earth's surface can result from slow continuous action still operating today

Back 81

James hutton

charles lyell

Front 82

Lyells principle of ______ states that the mechanisms of change are constant over time

Back 82

Uniformitarianism

Front 83

______ hypothesize that species evolve through use and disuse body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Back 83

Lamarck (lamarck's hypothesis of evolution)

Front 84

Darwin studied theology at_____?

Heto kanan fade position as naturalist and companion to_____ for a 5 year around the world voyage on the____?

Back 84

Cambridge university

Captain robert fitzroy

Beagle

Front 85

Who influenced darwin and thought that the earth was more than 6,000 years old

Back 85

Lyell's principle of geology

Front 86

He hypothesized that species from south america had colonize the ____ and fspeciated on the island

Back 86

Galapagos islands west of south america

Front 87

In reassessing his observations, darwin perceive____ to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes

Back 87

Adaptation

Front 88

In ___, darwin wrote an essay on_____ as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly

Back 88

1844

natural selection

Front 89

Is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits more likely to survive and reproduce

Back 89

Natural selection

Front 90

In ___, darwin receive a manuscript from ____, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to darwin's

Back 90

Jun 1858

Alfred Russell wallace

Front 91

Darwin explained three broad observations

Back 91

The unity of life

The diversity of life

The match between organisms and their environment

Front 92

Humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process is called

Back 92

Artificial selection

Front 93

____ is similarity resulting from common ancestry

Back 93

Homology

Front 94

_____ are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural sim present in a common ancestor

Back 94

Homologous structures

Front 95

____ are remnants of features that serve important functions in the organism's ancestors

Back 95

Vestigial structures

Front 96

_____ are hypotheses about the relationships among different groups

Back 96

Evolutionary trees

Front 97

Example of homologous at the molecular level are

Back 97

Genes shared among organisms and heritage from a common ancestor

Homologies and "tree thinking"

Front 98

___ traits arise when groups and dependently adapt to similar environment and similar ways

Back 98

Analogous

Front 99

____ Does not provide information about ancestry

Back 99

Convergent evolution

Front 100

_____, the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution

Back 100

Biogeography

Front 101

Earth's continents were formerly united in a single large continent called____, bats have since separated by

Back 101

Pangaea

Continental drift

Front 102

____ species are species that are not found anywhere else in the world

Back 102

Endemic

Front 103

The process by which populations become different species

Back 103

Speciation

Front 104

Results from evolutionary mechanisms within a population.

Back 104

Microevolution

Front 105

Refers to evolutionary change above the species level.

Back 105

Macroevolution

Front 106

Any heritable change in the DNA of a cell or an alteration in a DNA sequence

Back 106

Mutation

Front 107

Affects tissues that produces the sperm and egg

Back 107

Germ line mutation

Front 108

Affects other body tissues

Back 108

Somatic mutation

Front 109

Errors during cell division brought by these factors

Back 109

Endogenous or exogenous

Front 110

It happens random

Back 110

Mutation

Front 111

It creates the raw materials for which natural selection acts upon

Back 111

Genetic variation

Front 112

Changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Back 112

Genetic Drift

Front 113

Genetic drift was first introduced by

Back 113

Sewall Wright

Front 114

2 types of Genetic Drift

Back 114

The Bottleneck Effect

The Founder Effect

Front 115

After a bottleneck increases the damage d9neby recessive deletrious mutation

Back 115

Inbreeding

Front 116

Leading to the loss of other alleles

Back 116

Inbreeding depression

Front 117

Is a rare form of dwarfism

Back 117

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome