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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reproductive barriers between species are useful because?
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-they keep individuals from lowering their reproductive success
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What is a type of post-zygotic isolation?
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-when two organisms mate and their zygotes fail to develop
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____ provides and example of allopatric speciation
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-Caribbean and Pacific ocean shrimp
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A connected set of populations with a range that brings the two end populations into contact without interbreeding is called?
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-ring species
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When a species evolves into two species while those two newly evolving species live side-by-side is called?
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-sympatric speciation
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The phylogenetic species concept is?
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-looks at the history of a population to determine if it is a species
-defines a species as a group of populations evolving independently of other groups -doesnt have to determine whether a species is reproductively isolated to define it as a species |
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Species can split into new species when new mts. form within the species range and two parts of the population are separated from one another is called?
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-vicariance
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Mites harvestman illustrate an example of a pattern of biogeography called?
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-Vicariance
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The tropics have lower extinction rates and higher biodiversity than most other regions because?
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less severe weather means fewer populations are pushed to their limits of survival
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A burst of diversification of species accompanied by dramatic morphological evolution is called?
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-adaptive radiation
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Insects have unique sets of traits that may help them withstand extinction
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-true
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Extinction rates tend to __ and speciation rates tend to __ when global temperatures rise
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increase/decrease
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Which organisms thrives after the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period?
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-land mammals and marine mammals
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An astroid impact probably caused the mass extinction at the end of the cretaceous period. What evidence do scientists have of this event?
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-Rocks from italy with higher concentrations of iridium of the correct age
-110 mile wide crater along the Yucatan that dates to the correct age |
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How are male dupe wasps fooled into mating with orchid tongue flowers?
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-the flower is shaped like a female wasp
-the flower is the same color as the female wasp -the flower puts out a pheromone that mimic female wasps |
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How does the barnacle Sacculina lower the evolutionary fitness of the crab they infect.
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-They destroy the crab's reproductive organs so the crab no longer spends energy on mating.
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What is not considered to be a type of symbiosis?
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-predatory
-commensal -mutualists -parasites |
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The interaction between pitcher plants and mosquito larvae is an example of
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-commensalism
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Which mass extinction event has had the greatest effect on Earth and its species
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the mass extinction of the Permian period
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In the history of the Earth__ extinction accounts for 80% of all extinction
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-background
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What is an example of an evolutionary arms race?
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-tongue orchids and dupe wasps
-caterpillars and milkweed plants -rough skinned newts and garter snakes |
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Why does they white lemuroid possum the first mammalian species to go extinct from climate change
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-because rising temps have forced the possum to the top of mts. leaving them with nowhere else to live
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Which statement about allopatric speciation is NOT correct?
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-allopatric speciation can be fully tested in a lab setting
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What is NOT an example of adaptive radiation
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-tongue orchids and dupe wasps
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What did Brennaman learn from his giraffe DNA samples?
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-instead of there only being one species, giraffes consist of six separate species that rarely interbreed
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The Earth underwent a "Cambrian explosion" of species as well as a Cambrian mass extinction of species
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-true
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Why are plants and mycorrhizal fungi considered and example of mutualism
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-both species benefit from the interaction
-the plants pump organic carbon to the fungi, which uses it to survive -the fungi obtain soil nutrients and pumps it into the plant helping the plant grow |
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The relationship between two mutualistic species is always a positive one
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-TRUE
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Is an evolutionary arms race an example of coevolution
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-Yes
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How does the tongue orchid lower the fitness of the male dupe wasp?
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When male wasps leave sperm on the orchid flowers, it temporarily lowers his sperm count and thus decreases his ability to successfully fertilize a female
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The early rise and adaptive radiation of animals like arthropods is sometimes name the cambrian explosion?
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-yes, true
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Why is endosymbiosis beneficial to both the ancestral plant cell and the chloroplast ancestor bacterium?
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-the plant now hosts a bacterium that could carry out photosynthesis
-the bacterium was now contain inside the pant cell and thus safe from other predatory organisms |
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What is an example of speciation
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-endosymbiosis is an example of two separate species becoming one
-Brennaman's research indicates that modern giraffes consist of sox separate species -Jablonski looked at bivalves to study the long term patterns of speciation and extinction |
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Which of the following statements is true about the leaf cutter and their fungi is correct?
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The fungi produce antibiotics to kill off the mold that grows inside the ant nest.
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The science of classifying organisms by the use of reliable and consistent characteristics is known as?
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-taxonomy
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What do the Yucca plants do to protect themselves from the Yucca moth?
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-they abort their seeds if the moth lays too many eggs inside the plant
-they abort their seeds if the moth lays eggs without pollenating the yucca first |
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Which of the following is a step of the process whereby the Siberian traps lead to mass extinction?
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-high levels of toxic gases in the atmosphere caused a mass extinction
-the Siberian trap volcanos released large quantities of gas (co2) into the atmosphere -the atmosphere gases increased global temps and decreased oceanic oxygen changing the oceans gas chemistry -bacteria that thrive on low leveled oxygen made hydrogen sulfide toxic gases that bubbled out of the ocean and into the atmosphere |
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A prosimian is a ____?
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-a primitive primate, like a loris or lemur
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Binocular vision?
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-requires to eyes on the front of the face
-allows organisms to have better depth perception for hunting and climbing in trees |
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Which of the following are correct.
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-apes evolved 30 mya
-earliest primates evolved 50 mya -Neanderthals and humans split 800,000 years ago |
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When did the homo sapiens first evolve?
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200,000 years ago
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The first hominid to walk upright was?
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-Home erectus
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Apes have ___ brains than monkeys and __ compared to monkeys
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- larger brains and no tails
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Human organisms are the only organisms that can make specific sounds or calls that have distinct meanings?
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-false
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Individuals that have defective FOX2P genes have less brain activity in the Broca's area. This area plays a pivotal role in _____
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-processing language
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Pseudogenes are used by scientists to explain____?
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-how humans shifted from using the sense of smell to using their sense of vision
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Microcephalin genes have been studied by scientists to determine whether Neanderthals interbred with humans
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-true
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Taxonomy
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-classifying organisms by the use of reliable characteristics.
-the modern science of naming species |
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What is shared by every member of a taxonomic group?
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-key traits
-humans belong to the mammal class -within that class the primate order -within that order the genus Homo -and within that genus the species Homo Sapiens |
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Explain why it can be difficult to determine which species and organism belongs to
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-interbreeding (what same to give the new hybrid)
-subsets of a single species |
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Describe Darwins attitude about species
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-amused trying to define the indefinable
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Describe the different kinds of reproductive barriers which exist between different species
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-geography
-overlapping ranges (time. night animals don't mate with day animals) -ecological (don't meet, too far away) -anatomy (parts dont fit together |
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Prezygotic isolation
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-block reproduction at some point BEFORE a sperm fertilizes an egg
-zygote (a cell that is a result of fertilization) |
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Postzygotic isolation
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-reproductive barriers that come into play AFTER fertilization
-embryo fails to develop -or offspring survives adulthood but is sterile |
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What is the effect of reproductive barriers on sexually reproducing species
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-embryo fails to develop
-offspring survives adulthood but is sterile |
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Why are reproductive barriers important?
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-they help keep sexually reproducing species distinct
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Describe the process of allopatric speciation
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-the evolution of new species through geographical isolation
-means "in another place" -takes place across vast stretches of time and space -scientist cannot reproduce its full scope with lab experiments -scientist must search for patters in nature that they would predict if allopatric speciation was an important force in evolution -Includes Pacific and Atlantic shrimp -only 1% of shrimp offspring were viable -this had allowed reproductive barriers to evolve |
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Explain how speciation occurred in Caribbean and Pacific Ocean shrimp
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-North America and South America were isolated from each other by water
-Marine life could swim between Atlantic and Pacific -land moved -Species began to split into two different populations |
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Describe the evolution of greenish warblers in Asia
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-no geographical isolation
- bird that lives in Northern and Central Asia -oldest pop came from Himalayas -survived ice age -when ice melted the species split -they met up again in central Siberia -they eastern and western pops are now tow different species -western Siberia have a single bar on wings -eastern Siberia have two bars -eastern and western do not interbreed even though their ranges overlap -RING SPECIES -neighboring pops that can interbreed with their neighbors, but whose two overlapping "end" pops do not |
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Define sympatric speciation
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-some animals and plants appear to have diverged while living "side-by-side"
-example: Lake Apoyo in Nicaragua -2 species of fish that live in a lake made by a crater of an extinct volcano -Midas cichlid and arrow cichlid -new biological species, by the division of a single species into two or more distinct ones |
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Explain how the Lake Apoyo cichlids evened into two species
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-midas has powerful jaws and eats snails, arrow has slender body and eats insect larvae
-the volcano became extinct, and filled with rain water -the cichlids were swept into lake by hurricane -the arrows branched off from the midas, evolving a different body type and no longer mating with parent species -overtime they fish evolved mating preferences that keep the two pops distinct. -Dorsophila flies were isolated enough to live side by side without merging into a single species |
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Describe the biological species concept
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-actually or potentially interbreeding pops which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
-reproductive isolation does evolve among species -doesn't always match reality very well |
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What is the major drawback of the biological species concept?
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-doesn't always match reality
-many species that seem distinct turn out to be able to hybridize with other "good" species. -European butterflies produce viable hybrids -its difficult to apply to many pops. |
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Describe the phylogenetic species concept
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-looking at the history of a pop to decide if its a species or not
-group of pop that evolved independently of other groups of pops -can identify a species by finding unique traits that a pop shares, but are not found in other closely related pops. -dont have to establish that a species is reproductively isolated to show that it is a species -Brennaman's giraffes |
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How can we identify a phylogenetic species?
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-by finding unique traits that pops share, but are not found in other closely related pops.
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Describe where the original salamanders lived about 10 mya and how they spread to the south
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-The ancient redwood forest of Northern Cali
-they moved south by way of Sierra mt. range and coastal mts. |
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Describe the geographical barriers that separates the two main groups of salamanders
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-Sierra Nevada mts.
-great Central Valley |
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How did they two "arms" of salamander species differ in their adaptation to their environments?
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-Southern species had bold colors and used camouflage
-Northern were poisonous and mimicked the newt |
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Explain why the hybrid salamanders are thought to be an evolutionary "dead end"
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-they aren't good at mimicking, camouflage, or being poisonous
-they are not very well adapted to their environment and are not likely to survive |
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Is the history of the salamanders explained by allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, or both? Explain
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-allopatric speciation
-they are separated by geographical barriers but do not live side by side |
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Define biogeography
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-the study of how biodiversity is spread around the world
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Define vicariance
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-species become separated from each other when geographical barriers emerge
-can be from oceans, deserts, mts, rivers |
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Define dispersal
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-occurs when species spread away from their place of origin
-ex: birds can fly from one island to another, or insects can float on driftwood. -marsupials come from China but are now more common in Australia -marsupials are both vicariance and dispersal |
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Explain the current distribution of the lineage of mite harvestmen
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-continental drift
-they were first all together, then broke apart. -related to daddy long legs but are shorter and have smaller bodies -can be found in Chile, South Africa, and Sri Lanka -Vicariance |
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Describe the current distribution of marsupial species
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-Australia and its surrounding islands
-originated from China |
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Explain why the highest marsupial biodiversity is found in Australia
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-all northern hemisphere marsupials died out
-south american species expanded into Antarctica and Australia. (Died in Antarctica, too cold) -south American species diversified wide range of different forms -Australia drifted away and came closer to asia, which allowed placental mammals to colonize |
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Describe the relationship between the isolation of an area and the diversity of species that live on it.
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-isolated islands have allowed dispersing species to evolve into new forms
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Explain why some birds became flightless (Darwin's finches)
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-the islands lacked large predators
-instead on investing energy with flying, birds had greater reproductive success from getting their energy from food |
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identify the factors that have caused species extinctions over the last few hundred years
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-hunting animals for food or sport
-introduction of new predators -habitat loss (cutting down forests) -isolated pops (small pops can be wiped out by hurricane, etc) |
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Explain the relationship between latitude (distance north or south away from the equator) and species diversity. Why do scientists think these relationships exist?
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-extra energy the tropics revive somehow creates extra ecological room for more species to live side by side
-new species can evolve more rapidly in the tropics, accumulating greater numbers, because extinction rate in lower. |
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Explain what an adaptive radiation is
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-a burst of diversification is accompanied by dramatic morphological evolution
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Describe three examples of adaptive radiation
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1. Western Mountain Beavers
2. Darwin's finches 3. African cichlids |
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Unlike the western beaver, insects have increased in species number over time. What might explain this difference?
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-they ability to eat plants provides them with a large amount of food
-their small bodies lower the amount of food that needs to be consumed and the shorten the time they need to develop from eggs -wings allowed insects to disperse much farther |
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Describe the physical changes in the Earth that may have sparked the Cambrian species expansion
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-retreat of glaciers
-rise of oxygen in the oceans |
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What other two hypothesis have been proposed as factors that might have caused the Cambrian species expansion
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-animal tool kit allowed animals to evolve from a relatively limited number of Ediacaran forms to a big diversity
-evolution of these new predators changed the fitness landscape for early animals |
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Explain the difference between mass extinction and background extinction
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-background extinction: happens over a period of time
80% of extinction occur in background -mass extinction: sudden change in the Earths ecosystem. Only 20% of all extinctions account from mass. |
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Describe some of the factors that might determine whether a species survives a mass extinction or not
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-habitat: whether a species is able to expand or not
-Climate changes: whether the species is able to adapt to the changes |
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How might the loss of habitat affect the possibility that a species becomes extinct
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-obviously, if they have nowhere to live and can not adapt to the new habitat, they will most likely go extinct
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How has climate change affected SPECIATION rates?
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-diversity goes down when climate gets warmer and is higher when the climate is cool
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How has climate change affected EXTINCTION rates?
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-extinction rates go up instead of speciation rates going down
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Describe how massive volcanic eruptions have affected species extinction
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-the eruptions covered a region as big as the US
-they released gases into the atmosphere that disrupted the climate -heat-trapping gasses (like carbon dioxide and methane) drove up temps of the atmosphere |
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Describe the evidence that supports an asteroid impact as a major factor in the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period
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- rocks rich in iridium were found in italy
-110 ft wide crater along the coast of Mexico |
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What was the effect of the end Cretaceous extinction on the relative diversity of mammals and retiles on the Earth?
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-mammals came to occupy, evolving into large carnivores and herbivores
-in the oceans, mammals evolved into whales |
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According to Douglas Erwin, ____% of all species in the ocean died as a result of the end-Permian mass extinction.
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95%
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The Siberian traps were active during the _____ geological period
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-Permian
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Describe the Siberian traps
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-Massive Volcanos that flowed lava for 1 million years and were up to a mile deep
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What effect did the Siberian traps have on the ocean chemistry?
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-caused global warming, which heated the ocean
-it soon filled with carbon dioxide -made the water warm and warm water cannot hold oxygen |
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Describe the microbes found in the deep waters of Green Lakes, NY. How could these microbes possibly relate to the end-Permain extinction?
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-Bright pink poisonous bacteria
-hydrogen sulfide/sulfure bacteria |
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Trace the steps between the Siberian traps and mass extinction
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1. Volcanos spitting out carbon dioxide
2. global warming 3. oceans heat up and lose oxygen 4. bacteria take over releasing poisonous gases |
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What evidence for this hypothesis was found when the Nevada rocks were analyzed? What other evidence to support this hypothesis are they going to look for next?
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-the whole area was once underwater
-years leading up to the extinction water lost oxygen -look for bacteria and hydrogen sulfide |
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Describe the history of bird species extinction and prediction for future bird extinctions
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-comparing how quickly birds are becoming extinct to background rates:birds are disappearing 100 times faster
-Pimm says birds will become extinct 1,000 times faster than the background rate -it will accelerate in the coming decades -they are dying off because of hunting and loss of habitat |
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Explain the reasons for the current increase in species extinction rate.
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-release of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels (makes ocean water more acidic)
-warming of the atmosphere by trapping the heat from the sun |
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Explain how climate change affected the white Lemuroid Possum
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-man-made global warming.
-as it moved to higher elevations it ran out of refuge |
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Explain why humans should be concerned about the current rate of species extinction
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-biodiversity sustains the ecosystems that support human life
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Describe how human actions affected the bird population of Guam
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-tree snakes where brought over by accident on boats
-they birds had no predators previously so they had no defenses -with no birds, insects and spiders take over |
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Describe how human actions have affected the kaka of New Zealand
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-European wasps are eating all the honey
-kakas use the honey to get in the mood for mating -humans introduced species that eat ground eggs |
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Describe how human actions affected the passenger pigeons of North America
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-these birds were considered pests and they numbered in the plenties
-people often hunted and sold them -mass hunting lead to their extinction |
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Describe the interaction between the Lissopimpla excelsa wasp and the tongue orchid
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-orchids deceive male wasp into think they are females.
-Males try to mate with the orchid and become cover into pollen, they then fertilize other flowers -orchid flowers look, give off pheromones, and are the same color as female dupe wasps |
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What happens when a male dupe wasp mistakes orchid plants for female wasps?
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-he finds that his body fits nicely against it
-he will extend his pincers (genital clasps) into the flower |
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In the relationship between the tongue orchid and the dupe wasp
which species benefits? which species is harmed? |
-the orchid is the one who bents because it will still complete fertilizations
-the wasp is the one being harmed because he wasted his energy and was fooled |
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In what way is the biological environment different from the physical environment?
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-it can also evolve
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Define coevolution
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-as a species adapts to its ecological partners, its partners can adapt too
-two species may become intimately linked by their evolutionary influence on each other |
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A predator reduces the fitness of a ____ organism. A parasite reduces the fitness of a ____ organism
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prey/host
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Is the caterpillar a parasite, predator, or a deceiver?
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-predator
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What organism is the host for the barnacle Sacculina. How does Sacculina affect its host?
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-crab
-it burrows into the crabs body -destroys the crabs sexual organs so it can no longer reproduce |
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Explain how the tongue orchid affects the fitness of the Lissopimpla wasp
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-if a male wasp leaves his sperm on the orchid it may not be able to fertilize a female wasp
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Describe two examples of commensalism. In each case, explain which species' fitness was increased by the relationship
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-organisms that benefit from another species without affecting that species positively/negatively
1. Remoras: clamp onto sharks to catch a ride. Once the host finds prey, the remoras let go and later feed off the scraps left behind 2. Mosquito larvae: feed on decaying bodies inside the pitcher plants |
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Explain why most plants are mutualists with their pollinators
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-relationship between two species in which both species benefit
-in exchange for spreading the plants pollen, they provide nectar for birds or insects to drink. |
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Other than pollination, how do animals such as birds and bats help plants? How do these animals benefit?
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-they feed on fruit
-pass the seeds out of their feces -since the animal can travel long distances, they can spread plant seeds over vast areas |
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Describe the relationship between Plants and Mycorrhuzal fungi
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-fungi break down nutrients that plants cannot
-pump the nutrients into the roots of the plant to help it grow -in exchange the plant pumps organic carbon (they make through photosynthesis) out of there roots and into the fungi |
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Describe the relationship between Plants and Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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-bacteria converts nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form that plants can use
-in turn the plants provide steady supply of nutrients |
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How does he moth increase the yucca plants fitness
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-it pollenates it
-takes pollen from one plant and flies to the next |
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How does the moth decrease the Yucca pant's fitness?
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-if the moth lays too may eggs and the eggs hatch they will each all of the yucca seeds
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How does the Yucca plant control the effect of moth larvae feeding on it?
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-it will abort its own seeds, killing the larvae
-it will also abort its seeds it the moth lay eggs without pollinating their flowers |
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Define symbiosis
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-relationship between two or more different organisms in which at least one of them requires the relationship to survive and reproduce
3 types 1. mutualism 2. parasitism 3. commensalism |
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Explain the relationship between the leaf cutter ants and the fungus that they eat
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-The leaf cutter ant is dependent on fungi. They chew up leaves from a tree and cultivate them. But when a mold threatens to kill the fungi, the ant must produce an antibiotic to kill off the mold.
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What type of symbiosis is the leafcutter ants and fugues?
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-mutualism
- they are dependent on each other |
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The relationship between the rough-skinned newt and the garter snake is an example of an _____?
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-coevolutionary arms race
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Explain how natural selection is acting on the milkweed plant and caterpillars that eat it.
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-the milkweed plant groans hairs that make it difficult for insects to get into their tissue
-has a sticky white fluid that bursts out -has a cocktail of toxic molecules that can kill the caterpillar -caterpillars can disarm the toxins from the milkweed by cutting holes in the vessel it flows from -each time the milk weed plant evolves new defenses the caterpillar is one step ahead |
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How does the coevolutionary arms race between tongue orchids and dupe wasps affect evolution in the wasps and the orchids?
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-the dupe wasps don't always fall for the orchids tricks
-they can learn to avoid flowers, which means not wasting sperm, having more offspring that don't fall for the trick - this may drive the orchid to evolution of better deception |
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Describe the function of mitochondria in cells. Which organisms are mitochondria most similar to?
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-essential to our survival
-produce energy for the cell -they build clusters of iron and sulfur atoms that are attached to proteins -they are most similar little cells within our cells -surrounded by two membranes and carry their own DNA |
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Describe the characteristics of primates
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-opposable thumbs
-binocular vision |
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Describe the opposable thumb and its advantages
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-the dumb is at a different angle
-allows you to hold, manipulate, and grasp an object |
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Describe binocular vision and its advantages
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-eye are on the front of their face
-provides three-dimensional vision -better depth perception |
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Describe the new adaptations that evolved in the monkeys
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-they switched from nocturnal to diurnal
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Describe the new adaptation that evolved in the great apes
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-larger brains and no tails
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Which primates are called prosimians? Where do most of them live?
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-means before monkeys
-lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises -Madagascar (SE Africa) |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of "new world" monkeys?
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-includes marmosets, squirrel, capuchins, spider and howler monkeys
-have broad noses -strictly arboreal (live in trees) -have prehensile (grasping) tails |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of "old world" monkeys?
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-includes guenons, baboons, leaf, macaques monkeys
-narrow noses -live in diverse environments -some live in trees, some don't -more closely realed to great apes than they are to new world monkeys |
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How can you tell old world moneys and new world monkey apart?
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-new world: South and Central America
-old world: Africa and Asia |
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List the apes and describe where they are found. Which of these apes are the "great" apes?
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-Gibbsons (lesser apes because they are smaller, have less complex social behavior, and different anatomical bodies than most apes)
The "great apes" -orangutans -gorillas -chimps -humans They are found in Africa and Asia |
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Which new world monkey is most closely related to the spider monkey?
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-the howler
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Which great ape is most closely related to chimps?
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-bonobo
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Which great ape is most closely related to humans?
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-chimps
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Describe the changes in the primate brain that evolved as primates began to rely more on vision than smell
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-shifted from smell to sight
-because of their diet -old world monkeys and apes ate fruit and leaves (need to see the colors of fruit and leaves) -duplicated opsin gene |
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What are pseudogenes
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-a section of a chromosome that is an imperfect copy of a functional gene
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Compare the proportion of olfactory genes and pseudogenes in primates to other mammals like mice
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-mice have a lot of olfactory receptor genes and less pseudogenes
-apes are just the oppiste |
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As vision became more important in promotes, how did their social lives change?
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-New arrangements of facial muscles allowed them to make facial expressions
-they could not recognize faces and understand what kind of face others where making |
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Explain the two hypothesis that try to explain the evolution of big brains in primates
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-social complexity
-allows mammals to innovate and adapt to new conditions |
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Describe the characteristics of hominids
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-bipedal: walk on two legs, appeared 4mya
-larger brains than apes : ratio of brain to body size |
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Which was the first hominid that used tools?
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-Australopithecines
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What advantage did walking upright provide to easy hominids
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-had to travel far for food, saved energy
-more efficient than walking on knuckles |
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Which hominid species first spread out of Africa into Europe and Asia?
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-Homo erectus
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Neanderthals and Homo sapiens may have evolved from which homo species?
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-homo heidelbergensis
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When did Neanderthals evolve and where?
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-Europe and Asia
-300,000 |
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When did homo sapiens evolve and where?
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-Omo in Ethiopia
-200,000 |
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Based on DNA, when was the last time the modern humans and Neanderthals shared a common ancestor?
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-800,000 years ago
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How does full blown language set humans apart from other animals?
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-we are able to convey info that is in front of us and what lies in the past, future, or in a world that never will be
-make complex plans and gain deeper understanding of the inner lives of other humans |
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What doe the FOX2P gene do?
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-a gene responsible for turing language on or off
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How is the FOX2P gene related to the language area of the brain ?
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-defective versions of FOX2P had less activity in the Broca's area
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