Biology

Front 1

Size of cells

Back 1

Virus - 100 nm (1 billionth of a meter)

Bacteria - 1 to 10 um (1 millionth of a meter)

Eurakyotic cells - 10 to 100 um

(Nanometer/micrometer)

Front 2

Why are cells not bigger in an elephant?

Back 2

Cells are limited by surface area to cell volume ratio.

(Volume increases at a higher rate than surface area.

Beyond a certain volume the cell does not have enough surface area to import and export all the materials)

Front 3

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Back 3

DNA in nucleoid region VS in the nucleus.

SIZE smaller VS larger

ORGANIZATION usually single VS multicellular

OXYGEN not always VS most always

ORGANELLES none VS plenty

Front 4

Nucleus - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 4

Storage of heredity info, control of cell

Front 5

Cytosol - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 5

Jelly like fluid inside cells

Front 6

Cytoskeleton - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 6

Cellular structure, transport and cellular movement

Celia/flagella - current and locomotion

Front 7

Plasma membrane - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 7

Boundary of the cell, exchange with the environment.

Front 8

Nucleolus - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 8

Ribosome synthesis

Front 9

Nuclear envelope - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 9

Exchange between Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Front 10

Cytoplasm - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 10

The region of the cell inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus (incl. organelles)

Front 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 11

Protein processing

Protein processing

Front 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 12

Synthesis of proteins/lipids/steroids

Detoxification

Front 13

Ribosomes - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 13

Site of protein synthesis (free standing in the cytoplasm)

Bring the chains of amino acids to the RER for protein synthesis.

Front 14

Golgi Complex - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 14

Processing, sorting and packaging of proteins.

Front 15

Lysosome - EUKARYOTIC CELLS (animal cells only)

Back 15

Digestion of (defective) imports, and waste removal.

(Recycling parts or throwing out of the cell)

Front 16

Mitochondria - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 16

Transform energy from food (Power House). Creates ATP from the respiration of glucose

Front 17

Vesicles - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 17

Storage and transport of material

Front 18

Chloroplasts - EUKARYOTIC CELLS (Plants only)

Back 18

Conversion of light into energy (photosynthesis)

Hint 18

Power house in plants

Front 19

Central vacuole - EUKARYOTIC CELLS (Plants only)

Back 19

Storage and excretion.

Hint 19

The watery organelle

Front 20

Cell wall - EUKARYOTIC CELLS (Plants only)

Back 20

Protection

Support

Fluid pressure

Hint 20

Only plants have a wall, it makes them static

Front 21

Plasmodesmata - EUKARYOTIC CELLS (Plants only)

Back 21

Cell to cell communication

Front 22

Gap junction - EUKARYOTIC CELLS (Animal only)

Back 22

Cell to cell communication

Front 23

mRNA - messenger RNA

Back 23

DNA contains information for the making of proteins, the mRNA chains are transmitting the information

Front 24

Endomembrane system - EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Back 24

The SYSTEM that allow the transport of proteins and other cellular material through the cell.

Starts in the nucleus (and nucleolus), goes by the nuclear membrane pores to the cytoplasma to find the ribosomes, to attach to the RER, then go through a vesicle to the Golgi complex to go through another vesicle to get out of the plasma membrane.

Hint 24

Front 25

To know

Back 25

1: cell, cells, cell.

2: eukaryotic, nucleus, prokaryotic.

3: plasma membrane, nucleus, cytosol, organelles.

Front 26

To know

Back 26

1: DNA, proteins.

2: ribosomes, RER rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex.

3: transport vesicle, endomembrane system.

Front 27

To know

Back 27

1: smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum), lysosomes.

2: energy, ATP

3: cytoskeleton

Front 28

To know

Back 28

1: chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall.

2: lysosome.

3: plasmodesmata, gap junctions.

Front 29

Science definition

Back 29

A body of knowledge about the natural world.

Front 30

Theory definition

Back 30

General set of principal, supported by evidences that explains some aspect of nature.

Front 31

Fact definition

Back 31

Isolated piece of information.

Front 32

Scientific method

Back 32

Observation

Question

Hypothesis

Experiment

Conclusion

Front 33

Hypothesis - Definition

Back 33

A testable explanation for an observed phenomenon

Front 34

Controled condition (in a scientific method)

Back 34

An experimental condition that exists prior to the introduction of any variables.

Front 35

Back 35

guess

principles

nature

Front 36

Back 36

2: hypothesis

3: constant, variable

Front 37

Falsifiable - Definition

Back 37

Open to negation through scientific inquiry.

Front 38

Back 38

1: revision, evidence

2: negation

3: natural, supernatural

Front 39

Biology - Definition

Back 39

Study of life

Front 40

Characteristics of living things.

Back 40

- assimilate and use energy

- respond to their environment

- maintain a relatively constant internal environement (Homeostasis)

- possess DNA that allow them to function

- reproduce

- composed of one or more cells

- evolved from living things

- highly organized

Hint 40

8

Front 41

Life hierarchy

Back 41

Atom> molecule> organelle> cell> tissue> organ> organ system> organism> population> community> ecosystem> biosphere.

Hint 41

12

Front 42

Population - Definition

Back 42

Member of a single type of living thing (a species) living together in a define area.

Front 43

Community - Definition

Back 43

Mix of all living things in a given area (forest)

Hint 43

Forest

Front 44

Ecosystem - Definition

Back 44

interaction of non-living elements like water with living members of a community. (California coast)

Hint 44

California coast.

Front 45

Life science - Definition

Back 45

Set of discipline that focus on varying aspects of the living world.

Front 46

Evolution - Definition

Back 46

Gradual modification of population of living things, resulting sometimes in new species. (Chief principle of "Living thing")

Front 47

Back 47

1: (2,5,1,3,6,4)

2: evolution, species

3: life

Front 48

Matter in chemistry - Definition

Back 48

Can be defines as anything that takes up space and has a mass.

Front 49

Mass - Definition

Back 49

Measure of the quantity of matter in a given object. (Matter is space and density)

Front 50

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Back 50

Protons, positive charge. Defining the atomic number.

Neutrons are neutral and often have the same number as protons (unless when they are an isotope)

Electrons a negative and are the one who bonds into other substances.

Proton and neutron are in the nucleus and represents almost all the mass of the atom.

Front 51

Element - Definition

Back 51

Substance that is pure and can't be reduce to any simpler component.

(Atoms can't be considered as simpler component because they cannot exist by themselves as matter).

Front 52

Isotopes - Definition

Back 52

The number of neutrons a nucleus has. (Same element, different form)

Front 53

To know - Chemistry

Back 53

1: proton, neutron, electron

2: element, proton

3: neutrons

Front 54

Chemical bonds

Back 54

Covalent (polar & non-polar)

Ionic

Hydrogen

(They want to be more stable, fill their outer shell)

Hint 54

3

Front 55

Covalent bond - Definition

Back 55

Share a pair of electron

(Water 1 oxygen + 2 hydrogen)

Front 56

Ionic bond - Definition

Back 56

Occurs when electrons are lost or gain because one atom has a much greater electronegativity.

Ionic compound = ions electrostatic attract to each other

Front 57

Ions - Definition

Back 57

Charged atom after losing or gaining electrons.

Become positive when their number of protons is more than their number of electron.

Become a negative ion when the atom gained electrons from another atom, making its number of proton lesser than its number of electrons.

Front 58

Hydrogen bond - Definition

Back 58

A partial negative and partial positive atom attracted to each other. Usually hydrogen with oxigen or nitrogen.

(Water has a hydrogen bond)

Hint 58

Water

Front 59

Polar vs non polar (covalent bond)

Back 59

Polar happens when a molecule takes on a polarity, or a difference in electric charge at one end as opposed to the other.

Non polar has symmetric charges.

(Water is polar, oxygen attracts the electrons more often around its atom than the hydrogens atoms, oxygen is more electronegative and thus has a more negative charge)

Front 60

Molecule - Definition

Back 60

An entity consisting of a defined number of atoms covalently bonded together.

Front 61

Law of conservation of mass

Back 61

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Front 62

To know

Back 62

1: filled, 8, 2

2: covalent

3: polar, electrical charge

Front 63

Free radical- Chemistry

Back 63

Free radial are important because they shape the molecules.

Front 64

Molecular formula

Structural formula

Ball-and-stick model

Space-filling model

Back 64

Front 65

Shape in molecule

Back 65

Shapes in molecule are important because they only bind with the appropriate shape receptor

Front 66

To know - Chemistry

Back 66

1: loses, electrons, charges

2: electronegative, oxygen, nitrogen

3: bind

Front 67

Solution, solute, solvent - Water

Back 67

Homogenous mixture

being dissolved

doing the dissolving

Front 68

Water properties

Back 68

- Water freezes and create ice which regulated ocean temperature for fishes.

- Specific heat: amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C. Earth buffer.

- Water cohesion: tendency for water molecules to stay together. Cohesion impars surface tension. Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules.

Hint 68

3

Front 69

Hydrophilic / hydrophobic

Back 69

Love / hate water

(Nonpolar covalent molecules are hydrophobic.) It helps to compartmentalize.

Front 70

pH scale

Back 70

The degree to which something is acidic (a scale).

Front 71

Acidic, neutral, basic pH

Back 71

Acidic> 0-6.9

Neutral> 7

Basic> 7.1-14

Basic is also called = Alkaline

Front 72

Hydroxide ion

Back 72

Compounds (if numerous) are strongly basic and can be used to move a solution from acidic toward basic.

Hint 72

Water (acidic/basic)

Front 73

Buffering systems

Back 73

Physiological system that function to keep pH withing normal limits.

Front 74

To know - Water

Back 74

1: solute, solvent, solution

2: hydrogen bonds, cohesion, specific heat

3: hydrophobic, hydrophilic

Front 75

To know water

Back 75

1: yields, ions, accepts

2: 7, 0, 14

3: neutral 7

Front 76

Bio-molecules

Back 76

- Carbohydrates

- Lipids

- Proteins

- Nucleic acids

(Contains carbon)

Hint 76

4

Front 77

Oganic chemistry - Definition

Back 77

A branch of chemistry devoted to the study of molecules with carbon as their central element.

Front 78

Functional group - Definition

Back 78

A group of atoms that confers a specific property to the biomolecule(carbon-based molecule)

(Carboxyl, hydroxal, amino, phosphate.)

Front 79

To know - Biomolecules

Back 79

1: carbon, bonds with other elements

2: atoms, carbon based

Front 80

Monomers / polymers

Back 80

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides / (disaccharide,) / polysaccharide

Lipids: N/A

Proteins: amino acid / polypetide (or protein simply)

Nucleic acids: nucleotide / nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)

Front 81

Carbohydrates monomers

Back 81

Energy source

Simple sugar = monomer = -ose

Always has Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen

Front 82

Carbohydrates polymers

Back 82

Starch, energy for plants.

Glycogen, energy in animal liver.

Cellulose, structure of plants.

Chitin, stucture or skin of arthropods.

Front 83

To know - Biomolecules

Back 83

Monomers, polymers

Front 84

To know - Biomolecules

Back 84

2: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, monosaccharide, polysaccharides.

3: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Front 85

Lipids

Back 85

- Lot of Hydrogen

- don't mix with water

- (no monomer or polymers)

- store energy, compartementalization and insulation.

Front 86

Types of lipids

Back 86

- oils

- fats

- hormones

- phosolipids

(Steroids: cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone, all lipids)

Front 87

Fatty acids (lipids)

Back 87

Molecules composed of hydrocarbon and a carboxyl group.

- Saturated fatty acid: no double bonds.

- Monounsaturated fatty acid: one double bond.

- Polyunsaturated: 2 or more double bonds.

The more bonds the healthier. Removing bonds (hydrogenation) from polyunsaturated is super unhealthy and get hard in room temperature.

Triglyceride: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Hint 87

3 types. Food etiquettes

Front 88

Fats storage and use

Back 88

Front 89

To know - Biomolecules

Back 89

1: readily dissolve, water

2: fatty acids, glycerol, carbons atoms, hydrocarbon

3: carbon rings, testosterone and estrogen, phospholipids, phosphate

Front 90

Protein

Back 90

Series of amino acids that form a chain of protein - Polypeptide

20 amino acids only.

Shape is critical

Always an amino group+ carboxyl group

Front 91

Structure in proteins - polypeptides

Back 91

Primary structure: sequence of amino acids.

Secondary: Alpha helix, Beta pleated sheet, random coil.

Tertiary: folded polypetide

Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptide chains.

Hint 91

4 structures

Front 92

Type of proteins

Back 92

Enzymes, hormones...

Front 93

Nucleic acids

Back 93

Genetic heredity material

Building blocks : nucleotides

Front 94

2 type of nucleis acids

Back 94

DNA, RNA

Front 95

DNA

Back 95

Deoxy-ribo-nucleic acid

Primary information bearing of life, composed of 2 nucleotides.

Front 96

RNA

Back 96

Ribo-nucleic acid.

Composed of nucleotides.

Active in the synthesis of proteins.

Front 97

Polymer of DNA

Back 97

Phosphate group+ sugar+ nitrogenous base.

Front 98

To know - Biomolecules

Back 98

Amino acids, amino acids

(To be continued)

Front 99

To know - Biomolecules

Back 99

1: Folded up

2: lipoproteins, lipids and proteins

3: nucleotides, phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

Front 100

Plasma membrane components

Back 100

- phospholipid bilayer

- cholesterol

- proteins

- glycocalyx

Fluid-mosaic model (mosaic of proteins)

Hint 100

4

Front 101

Phospholipid bilayer

Back 101

A double layer of phospholipids molecules whose hydrophilic "head" face outward and whose hydrophobic "tails" point inward.

Fluid

Front 102

Protein in plasma membrane functions

Back 102

- Structural support

- recognition

- communication

- transport

Front 103

Integral protein in plasma membrane

Back 103

Integral: bound to the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

Front 104

Peripheral proteins in plasma membrane

Back 104

Peripheral: is on either side of the membrane (not bound to its hydrophobic interior).

Front 105

Receptor protein - in plasma membrane

Back 105

Permit long distance communication through chemical messengers, hormones.

Receptor protein binds with signaling molecule.

Front 106

Cholesterol in plasma membrane

Back 106

Patching material

Front 107

Glycocalyx - in plasma membrane

Back 107

Sugar chain that attach to proteins and phospholipids serving as binding sites, lubrification and adhesion.

Front 108

To know - Plasma membrane

Back 108

1: phospholipids bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, glycocalyx.

2: hydrophilic, water, hydrophobic, water.

3: receptor, transport proteins

Front 109

Active transport - Plasma membrane (DEFINITION)

Back 109

Movement of molecules or ions accross the cell membrane that requires ENERGY

Front 110

Passive Transport - Plasma membrane (DEFINITION)

Back 110

Movement of molecule or ions accross cell membrane that does NOT require energy.

Front 111

Passive transport chanels

Back 111

- Diffusion

- Osmosis

- Facilitated diffusion

Hint 111

3 passive ways to move material in the cell

Front 112

Diffusion - Definition

Back 112

Movement of molecule or ions from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Front 113

Osmosis - definition

Back 113

The movement of water accross a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration.

Front 114

Facilitated diffusion

Back 114

Passage of material through the plasma membrane that is aided by a transport protein.

Front 115

Concentration gradient - definition

Back 115

The difference between the highest and lower concentration of a solute.

Front 116

Osmosis in cells

Back 116

Hypertonic solution: higher concentration of solute in a solution than another.

Isotonic: two solution have an equal concentration of solute.

Hypotonic: lower concentration of solute in a solution than another

Hint 116

Hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic

Front 117

Active transport chanels

Back 117

Moves through a transport protein and requires energy source ATP.

Front 118

ATP - definition

Back 118

Adenosine Triphosphate.

Sodium-potasium pump.

Moves larger substance in and out of the plasma membrane.

Front 119

Movement of large material through plasma membrane

Back 119

-Exocytosis

-Endocytosis

Front 120

Exocytosis - definition

Back 120

Movement OUT of the cell by fusion.

Front 121

Endocytosis - definition

Back 121

Movement IN the cell.

- pinocytosis (material get detached from the membrane to a vesicle) drinks it, sucks it in.

- phagocytosis (material get surrounded and fuse before to be detached)

Eats it, bites it in.

Front 122

To know - plasma membrane

Back 122

1: higher concentration, lower concentration, energy.

2: semipermeable, solute concentration, solute concentration.

3: out, in.

Front 123

To know- membrane

Back 123

1: active transport, passive transport, protein channel, protein channel.

Front 124

To know- membrane

2: active transport allows for the net movement of molecules into or out of a cell even when there is a... working against this movement.

Back 124

2: concentration gradient

3: transport vesicle, plasma membrane, phagocytosis, pinocytosis.

Front 125

Energy - definition

Back 125

The capacity to bring about movement against an opposite force.

Front 126

Potential energy vs kinetic

Back 126

Stored energy vs energy in motion

Front 127

Thermodynamics

Back 127

Study of energy

Front 128

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 128

Energy is never created of destroyed but is only transformed.

Front 129

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 129

Energy transfer always result in a greater amount of disorder.

(Piece of coal burns into smoke, coal is condensed and organized that smoke is not)

Front 130

Type of work

Back 130

Mechanical- muscle contraction

Transport- movement of molecule against their concentration gradient.

Synthetic- simple molecule to complex molecules (amino acids to proteins)

Front 131

Exergonic vs endergonic reactions

Back 131

Front 132

To know - energy

Back 132

1: potential, kinetic

2: created, destroyed, transformed, disorder

3: heat

Front 133

Coupled reaction

Back 133

A chemical reaction in which an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction.

Front 134

ATP/ADP cycle

Back 134

When a ATP (Triphosphate) loses a phosphate group in an exergonic reaction it becomes ADP (Diphosphate). When ADP gain a phosphate group in an endergonic reaction it becomes ATP.

Front 135

To know - energy

Back 135

1: product, reactant, reactant, product.

Front 136

To know - energy

Back 136

2: ATP, phosphate group

3: ADP, phosphate group

Front 137

Enzyme - definition

Back 137

A type of protein that accelerates a chemical reaction. (Quicken the metabolic pathway)

Front 138

Metabolism - energy

Back 138

The sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism.

Front 139

Metabolic pathway - energy

Back 139

Multi-steps process for enzyme. Each enzyme takes only one task leaving the next task to the next specialized enzyme.

Front 140

Substrate - definition

Back 140

The substance that is worked on by an enzyme.

Front 141

Activation energy - definition

Back 141

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Front 142

Catalysts - energy

Back 142

Substance that retain their original chemical composition while bringing a change to a substract.

Front 143

Active site - enzyme

Back 143

Portion of the enzyme that binds with a substrate helping it to get transformed.

Front 144

Coenzymes - definition

Back 144

Molecules (other than amino acids) that facilitate the work of enzymes by binding with them.

Front 145

Competitive inhibition - enzymes

Back 145

The reduction of the activity of an enzyme because the active site of the enzyme (place where the reaction is fasten) is occupied by another compound.

Front 146

Allosteric regulation

Back 146

Reduction of the enzyme's activity when a molecule bind to the enzyme in another site than the active site.

Hint 146

enzymes

Front 147

To know - enzymes

Back 147

1: protein, accelerates

2: substrate, product, substrate

3:initiate, lowering

Front 148

Entropy - definition

Back 148

A measure of the molecular disorder.

(2nd law of thermodynamics)

Front 149

Endosymbiosis - definition

Back 149

Bacteria that became organelle over time.

(Evolution from invader to organelle)