Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the four fields of anthropology?
|
Physical, Cultural, Linguistic, Archaelogical
|
|
|
Why is the study of primatology important?
|
Gives us clues into the structure and behavior of early hominids.
|
|
|
Define Human Biological Plasticity
|
- Body's ability to change
- |
|
|
Who was Archbishop James Ussher? Why was he important?
|
Pre-scientific scholar, counted "begat" to "begat" in Bible and estimated age of Earth
|
|
|
What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
|
1. Question/Observation
2. Form Hypothesis 3. Experiment (collect data) 4. Organize/Analyze data 5. Draw conclusions 6. Communicate Results |
|
|
Why was Copernicus important?
|
He postulated that Sun, not Earth, was the center of the universe
|
|
|
Carolus Linnaeus
|
- Proposed a hierarchical classification of organisms on 4 levels
- Wrote Systema Naturae (1735) - Included humans as "homo sapiens" |
|
|
Comte de Buffon
|
- Believed all species continue as created
- Espoused microevolution |
|
|
Erasmus Darwin
|
- Charles' grandfather
- Came up with the idea of one common ancestor "one living filament." - Wrote about Natural Laws in his poetry. |
|
|
Does Evolution have a goal?
|
No
|
|
|
What are the processes of evolution?
|
Genetic drift, Natural Selection, Mutation, Gene Flow
|
|
|
What is genetic drift?
|
Drift of allele frequency over time
|
|
|
What is gene flow?
|
Two formerly isolated populations can now intermingle; new allelic frequencies
|
|
|
What is natural selection?
|
Traits vary; some are better suited to the current environment; these are more likely to be passed down because parents are more likely to survive and pass down genes
|
|
|
What is mutation?
|
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of the gene
|
|
|
Georges Cuvier
|
-Catastrophism (undeserving species were wiped out, then renewed in "better" forms)
- Study of zoology |
|
|
James Hutton
|
- principles of geologic change
- Earth much older than 1,000s of years |
|
|
Charles Lyell
|
- Wrote Principles of Geology, which Darwin read on HMS Beagle
- proposed Uniformitarianism - Estimates age of Earth (old) - Darwin: if Earth changed over time, why not life? |
|
|
What is Uniformitarianism?
|
Uniform and consistent geologic processes that occur over time and change the appearance of the Earth
|
|
|
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
|
- "Lamarckism"- Theory of Inherited Characteristics
- "Use"/"Disuse" idea - use or disuse initiates change in structure/organ - changes are heritable |
|
|
Thomas Malthus
|
- Economist
- Espoused "survival of the fittest"- population carrying capacity |
|
|
What was Darwin's Theory of Evolution?
|
- Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ones.
- Testable theory |
|
|
What were Darwin's lines of evidence?
|
- Domesticated plants & animals
- Natural distribution - Geo and Paleo record - Comparative Anatomy: Convergence & Divergence - Embryology - Vestigial Organs - Homologous structures |
|
|
What is a gene? What types of genes are there?
|
Sequence of DNA bases
- Structural - Regulatory |
|
|
Chromosomes
|
- Double helix of DNA
- Only visible during cell division 2 types: autosomal and sex |
|
|
Steps of Protein Synthesis
|
1. DNA unzips
2. DNA transcribes into mRNA - transcription 3. mRNA leaves nucleus; goes to ribo in cytoplasm 4. mRNA docks on ribo 5. Codons are read @ ribo - Start (AUG)- Methionine - Translation 6. tRNA brings amino acids to Ribosome - tRNA in cyto has anticodon 7. Amino acids link to form polypeptide 8. Polypeptide is folded/packaged/exported |
|
|
What are three common Stop Codons?
|
UAA, UGA, UAG
|
|
|
Why are proteins important
|
- Structural components of tissues (ex. collagen)
- Enzymes: initate/control chem rx - Hormones: body's system of controls - Regulatory: regulate DNA activity |
|
|
What are three processes of meiosis that increase genetic variation?
|
1. Independent Assortment
2. Crossing Over/Recombination 3. Random fertilization |
|
|
What is Independent Assortment?
|
Chromosomes of individual that they got from their mom or dad assort randomly into the individual's gametes
|
|
|
What is Crossing Over?
|
- Combines genes inherited from both parents during prophase of meiosis 1
- Homologous portions of 2 non-sister chromatids change places (location = chiasmata) |
|
|
What is Random Fertilization?
|
-Egg 1 of 8 million poss.
- Sperm 1 of 8 million poss. Combo of that sperm and that egg = random |
|
|
What is deletion?
|
segment of chromosome structure does not get copied
ABCDEFG --> ABEFG |
|
|
What is duplication?
|
segment of genes on chromosome get repeated
ex. ABCDEFG --> ABCDCDEFG |
|
|
What is Inversion?
|
segment of genes on chromosome can put in "backwards"
ABCDEFG -- ABEDCFG |
|
|
What is translocation?
|
crossing over
|
|
|
What is nondisjunction?
|
The failure of homologous chromosomes (chromatids) to separate properly during cell division. Chromosomes are assorted in such a way that some gametes have more chromosomes than they should, some have less
|
|
|
What is a point mutation?
|
Chemical changes in 1 nucleotide in a single gene
AGG is transcribed as TGG, TGG is what causes sickle cell |
|
|
T/F: Mutations can affect protein function
|
True
|
|
|
What is an allele?
|
One of 2+ alternative forms of a gene that are found on the same place on a chromosome
|
|
|
Codominant
|
Both alleles are expressed phenotypically in the hybrid genotype
ex. chicken with white feathers + chicken with black feathers = chicks with white & black feathers |
|
|
Incomplete dominance
|
Hybrid is a phenotypic blend
WW = white flowers RR = red flowers WR = pink flowers |
|
|
Mendelian Traits
|
Governed by 1 character; heritable
|
|
|
What were Mendel's Laws?
|
1. Law of Particulate Inheritance
2. Law of Segregation |
|
|
What was the Law of Particulate Inheritance?
|
Idea that heritable "encapsulated" forms of genes were passed down generation to generation (basically alleles, but not his term)
|
|
|
What is the Law of Segregation?
|
- Our genes are normally paired but in meiosis are segregated in form of a gamete
-Gamete has only one combo of all genetic material (haploid) |
|
|
What is linkage?
|
Tendency of certain alleles to be inherited together. Gene loci are physically close to one another and tend to stay together during meiosis
|
|
|
T/F: Most eukaryotic species DO NOT follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance?
|
False
|
|
|
What is Polygenic Inheritance?
|
Additive Effect- (2 genes, 1 phenotype)
|
|
|
What is Pleiotropy?
|
Ability of a single gene to affect multiple phenotypic characters
ex. Sickle cell |
|
|
What is Epistasis?
|
gene at 1 loci alters phenotypic expression of gene at another loci
ex. coat color in mice BBCc vs. Bbcc |
|
|
Are Polygenic Inheritance/Pleiotropy/Epistasis Mendelian forms of Inheritance?
|
No
|
|
|
What is the maternal effect?
|
Refers to an inheritance pattern for certain nuclear genes in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring
|
|
|
What is epigenetic inheritance?
|
Refers to a pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that alters gene expression
|
|
|
What are the factors of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
|
- mating is random
-infinitely large population with no sampling error - no evolution (no mutation/natural selection/migration) |
|
|
What are the two equations involved in the Hardy Weinberg equation?
|
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p +q = 1 p = A q = a |
|
|
What is adaptive radiation?
|
Process of species emerging from one or few ancient ones, like spokes of a wheel emerging from a hub
|
|
|
What is biogeography?
|
The distribution of animals and plans on the Earth
|
|
|
What are vestigial organs?
|
body parts that seem to serve no moder purpose and have, therefore, atrophied
|
|
|
What is a pedigree?
|
A diagram used in the study of human genetics that shows the transmission of a genetic trait over generations of a family
|
|
|
What are homologous chromosomes?
|
Members of the same pair of chromosomes (or autosomes). Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over during meiosis.
|
|
|
What is a centromere?
|
Condensed and constricted region of a chromosome. During mitosis and meiosis, location where sister chromatids attach to one another.
|
|
|
What is a locus?
|
The location of a gene on a chromosome
|
|
|
What is chromatin?
|
Dispersed, uncoiled DNA as it exists during interphase of the cell cycle.
|
|
|
What environmental changes lead to bipedality?
|
- Environmental changes: savanna mosaic of woodland and open grassland where bipedality was selected for as an efficient mode of long distance travel
|
|
|
What non-environmental changes lead to bipedality?
|
- Carrying things
- Hunger/gatherer/feeding - Thermoregulation -Visual surveillance - long distance walking - provisioning by males of females - tool using |
|
|
What were characteristics of the last common ancestor?
|
- terrestrial but some arboreal behavior
- omnivorous with possibly some hunting - social: some communication system, reliance on visual cluse and individual recognition - limited tool use |
|
|
Australopithecus africanus
|
- small brain case
- small teeth - short stature - small light dished face - no sagittal crest - 2.5-3 mya - Taung, Sterkfontein, Makanpansgat, |
|
|
Gracile hominids
|
A. bahrelghazadi
A. africanus A. Garhi |
|
|
Robust hominids
|
Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus boisei Australopithecus aethipicus |
|
|
Paranthropus Robustus
|
- very large molars
- small incisors - sagittal crest - about same body size as gracile forms - strong sexual dimorphism - Time 2.5-1.5 mya |
|
|
T/F: A. bahrelghazali was contemporaneous with A. afarensis
|
True
|
|
|
What makes the Genus Homo different from Australopithecus
|
Encephalizaion, Stone Tools
|
|
|
Defining the Genus Homo
|
- larger, more rounded brain case
- less projecting face - smaller teeth - more efficient bipedalism |
|
|
T/F: Early Homo and Robust Australopithecines lived at same time/place?
|
True. Both lived in E & S Africa. Robust A. lived 2.5-1.5 mya and Homo habilis lived 3.5-1.6v mya
|
|
|
Did early homo most likely evolve from a gracile or robust australopithecine?
|
Gracile
|
|
|
Hominid
|
humans, great apes, and common ancestor
|
|
|
Hominin
|
humans and ancestors
|
|
|
What kind of tools did Homo Erectus Make and Use?
|
Acheulian stone tools
|
