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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 broad categories that humans have as defenses against disease? |
Innate (aka nonspecific) Adaptive (aka specific) |
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Which broad category of defense against disease is present at birth? |
innate (aka nonspecific) |
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Which broad category of defenses against disease does NOT distinguish between the type of pathogen invading? |
innate (nonspecific) |
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What 2 categories fall under innate defenses? |
1st line of defense 2nd line of defense |
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What types of things would fall under our bodies' first line of defense? |
skin mucus membranes etc |
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What types of things would fall under our bodies 2nd line of defense? |
phagocytes etc |
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What category of defense against disease is also sometimes called our 3rd line of defense? |
adaptive (specific) |
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Which broad category of lines of defense against disease takes time to develop, and isn't present/very effective at birth? |
adaptive (specifc) |
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Which line of defense DOES distinguish between the type of pathogen that is invading? |
adaptive (aka specific, aka 3rd line of defense) |
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What does it mean that our adaptive defenses "demonstrate memory"? |
They are more effective with each exposure (I.e. you GET chicken pox the first time you are exposed, but even if exposed multiple times after, you DON'T get it because your body is very good at fighting it off. This also explains why babies get a new cold about every month during their 1st year of life. After they've been exposed to enough types of colds, their bodies are better at fighting them off). |
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What things fall under adaptive defenses? |
1. antibodies 2. T-cells |
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What are the 2 types of T-cells? |
TH cells and TC cells |
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What is another name for TH cells |
T-helper cells CD4 (hint: FOUR letters in 'help') |
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What is another name for Tc cells? |
CD8 (hint: they "eat/ATE" cancer and other harmful cells)
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Regarding our innate, first line of defense, list some examples that fall under 'washing action' as a way they help defend us from disease. |
tears, urine, sweat |
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How do mucus and cilia help defend against disease? |
the mucus traps the pathogen and the cilia helps sweep it out |
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What were the 5 categories of chemicals that we studied that our part of our first line of defense against disease? |
1. lysozymes 2. salt 3. antimicrobial peptides 4. acids and bases 5. normal microbiota |
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Where are lysozymes found? |
in lysosomes AND in bodily fluids/secretions |
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How does lysozyme help us defend against disease-causing microorgs? |
lysozyme breaks down peptidoglycan in Gram positive bacterial cells |
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List some examples of salt being used as a defense against disease-causing microorgs |
sweat tears urine |
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How does salt help us defend against pathogens? |
causes cells to shrivel/shrink due to change in osmolarity |
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What are antimicrobial peptides made of? |
protein/amino acids |
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What were 2 specific examples given of how antimicrobial peptides help us defend from disease? |
1. can mess with bacterial cell walls 2. can prevent virus adhesion |
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List some examples of how acids/bases help us defend from disease? |
- acid in stomach, urine and vagina during reproductive years denature enzymes - alkalinity of male semen can kill certain microbes |
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How does normal microbiota help us defend against disease? |
due to competitive exclusion/microbial antagonism (pathogen can't get in cell if it's already colonized by normal microbiota) |
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What 5 things fall under our second line of defense? |
1. phagocytosis 2. inflammation 3. fever 4. chemical defenses 5. Natural killer cells (so far we've only gone over phagocytosis and inflammation in class) |
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What two specific cells are 'professional phagocytes'? |
netrophils and monocytes/macrophages |
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Monocytes and macrophages are structurally the same white blood cell. When is it called a monocyte? and when is it called a macrophage? |
It is a monocyte when it is in the blood vessel, circulating It is a marcrophage when it is in tissue |
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Monoctyes/macrophages have different names depending on their location. However, NEUTROPHILS also have different names. Overall, what determines which name a neutrophil will go by? (not lookinf for dental/allied health answer, but rather the distinguishing characteristic of neutrophils that determines what it is called) |
Based on the MATURITY of the neutrophil |
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What are the 2 names that Neutrophils are commonly called in DENTISTRY? and what does that stand for |
- PMNs = PolyMorphicNuclear leukocytes - PMLs= polymorphic leukocytes |
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Which is more mature PMNs or PMLs? |
PMNs ... their nucleus has changed shape |
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What are the two terms that a NEUTROPHIL is commonly called in ALLIED health? |
"Segs" and "Bands" |
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Which is more IMMATURE, "segs" or "Bands"? |
Bands |
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What does a "band" look like? |
nucleus looks like a horseshoe/"C" (it's the monocyte picture we studied in A&P) |
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What does a "Seg" look like? |
It's nucleus will have more 'segments' or off-shoots of it. Kinda looks like a 3 ringed/looped boomerang/flying disc, though Segs can have more than 3 loops |
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What is the DENTAL equivalent of the Allied Health Term "Band" |
PML |
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What is the ALLIED HEALTH equivalent of the dental term PMN? |
Segs |
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What are the steps in Phagocytosis? |
1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Engulfing/ingesting microorganism 4. Digestion of microorganism 5. Exocytocysis |
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What happens in Chemotaxis? |
When a wound occurs, chemicals in the cytoplasm of the human cell and chemicals from infecting microorganisms are present and they diffuse. Once these chemicals are close enough to a nearby blood vessel, the phagocytes in the blood cell will pick up this signal and the phagocytes will rush towards the site to begin ingesting the chemicals (think of the chemical signal as a 'distress signal') |
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What are the STEPS in inflammation? |
1. tissue is damaged 2. chemicals are released 3. these chemicals cause vasodilation and increased permeability in blood vessel 4. Chemicals attract the WBCs (to leave blood vessel and come eat them) |
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What are the FOUR chemicals released after tissue is damaged that can cause inflammation? |
1. HISTAMINE 2. kinins 3. prostaglandins 4. LEUKOTRIENES |
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Of the four chemicals released following tissue damage, which two are the main chemicals that drive inflammation? |
1. Histamine 2. LEUKOTRIENES |
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What effect will HISTAMINE and LEUKOTRIENES have on the blood vessel? |
they will cause vasodilation (widening of blood vessel) of blood vessel and increased permeability of blood vessel |
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What effect does vasodilation have on AMOUNT of blood flow and which sign of inflammation does this cause? |
once the blood vessel has dilated,MORE blood flows through it. This causes the REDNESS and WARMTH seen in inflammation |
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What effect does increased permeability have on the blood vessel? What sign of inflammation does this cause? |
FLUIDS leak out of blood vessel to the tissue/site of wound. This causes SWELLING. |
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Other than 'fluids' leaking out after vasodilation, what else can leak out of the blood vessel? |
protective proteins |
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What protective proteins did we study? |
1. Antibodies 2. Complements 3. Clotting factors |
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Which of the protective proteins actively fight the infection? |
antibodies and complements |
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What function do clotting factors play in fighting infection after they leak out of the dilated blood vessel? |
PREVENT SPREAD of pathogen by clotting/forming a wall around infection site. They also help stop bleeding |
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What causes PAIN in inflammation? |
often due to the swelling, making it uncomfortable to move |
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What causes loss/impaired function during inflammation? |
Swelling can make it difficult-impossible to move the affected body part |
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What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation? |
1. Redness (from increased blood flow to site) 2. Warmth/Heat (due to increased blood flow at site) 3. Edema/Swelling (due to fluids leaking out of blood vessel near site) 4. Pain (often due to edema) 5. Loss of function (pneumonic: Red Headed Sweet Potatoes just can't function) |
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What is the goal of inflammation? |
1. to remove the irritant that caused the damage 2. and clear away the damage (thereby setting stage for repair) |
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In inflammation, what causes the positive feedback loop that attracts WBCs to the site? |
the release of Antibodies and complements |
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Inflammation vs. swelling |
In daily language sometimes used interchangeably. but scientifically different. Inflammation is Swelling, with redness, heat, pain and possible loss/degradation of function. Swelling is just puffier. Ie your belly swells after eating a big meal or drinking a lot, but it's not inflamed/infected. Feet can swell when pregnant or on them for a long time but it's not inflamed/infected |
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Most feedback loops in biology are negative, not positive. Give an example of how we know inflammation is a POSITIVE feedback loop. |
You get a tiny paper cut on your finger and a few microorgs get in. It's only going to be a little red, a little hot, a little swollen and a little painful. you might not even have any significant loss of function. Now imagine you've skinned up your knee badly while skate boarding. the wound is bigger, more microorgs are going to get in. It's likely a lot redder, a lot warmer, a lot more swollen and painful than the tiny paper cut. You may even walk with a limp for a couple days (loss of function) In both cases there was a positive feedback loop causing more blood to flow to the wound site. It's just a lot more noticeable with a bigger wound/more potential for microorgs to get in because you'd need more blood (and WBCs) to fight off the infection because more microorgs got in and more of your own cells were injured. |
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*This card starts random review from previous chapters in preparation for final What was the only PROKARYOTIC microorg type that we studied? What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic? |
The only Prokaryotic microorg is Bacteria. Eukaryotic= microorg whose cells contain a nucleus and organelles Enclosed within membrane Prokaryotic- unicellular microorg that Lacks distinct NUCLEUS and membrane bound organelles |
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Which microorgs are Acellular? Unicellular? multicellular? |
Acellular- viruses, viroids, prions Unicellular- bacteria, yeast, protozoa Multicellular- human, molds, helminths |
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What are the 4 basic shapes of bacteria? |
1. coccus (round) (diplo-, strepto-, staphylo-) 2. bacillus (rod) (diplo-, strepto-) 3. coccobacillus (in between) 4. Spiral (spirilium, spirochete, vibrio) |
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External bacterial cell parts://function//significance |
1. glycocolax or capsule//contribute to biofilm and adherence to surfaces//adherence to each other can help it infect and capsule also makes it resistant to phagocytosis 2. flagella//movement//helps it move to cause infection 3. axial filament//rotational movement//only on spirochete, lets it bore into skin (only on spirochete) 4. fimbrae or attachment pili//flagella-like spikes that make it attach to host surface//more it sticks to host, more likely it is to cause infection 5. conjugation pili//connects bacteria to another, allows it to pass dna//passes beneficial traits (fm plasmid) 6. cell wall//made of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugar), hypotonic//helps it resist bursting due to osmotic pressure |
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3 (4) different kinds of bacterial cell walls and their composition |
1. gram pos- thick layer upon layer of peptidogly. 2. gram neg- thin layer of peptidogly with phospholipid layer with LPS (with endotoxins) and porin channels 3. Acid-fast - thin peptidogly with waxy mycolic acid layer and super skinny porin channels 4. no cell wall |
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What name of bacteria is acid-fast? What name of bacteria has no cell wall? |
acid-fast: MycoBacterium (Bacterium + Acid =bad ass) no wall: MycoPlasma (slutty, no walls/barriers around its P) |
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What does penicillin stop? What does lysozyme digest? What do sulfa drugs do? |
penicillin stops it from making NEW peptido. lysozyme digests peptido. sulfa drugs- fit into enzyme active site blocking substrates |
