Describe the process of normal breathing beginning with the brain. Explain how a condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can interfere with the normal process of respiration. Breathing occurs subconsciously without one being aware of its different steps: stimulation of the respiratory control centers in your brain, inhalation, gas exchange, and exhalation. The medulla oblongata controls the body when to breathe. During the ventilation, process the phrenic nerve sends a signal to the primary breathing muscle, the diaphragm then contracts and flattens downward giving more space in the thoracic cavity. By increasing space in the thoracic cavity, this causes a decrease in pressure therefore allowing air to rush into the lungs. The trachea divides into smaller airways called bronchi. As bronchi divide farther from the trachea, tiny airways deliver the air to the smallest structures in the lung the alveoli where gas exchange takes place. Lungs rely on the natural elasticity of the bronchial tubes and air sacs to force air out of your body. COPD causes them to lose their elasticity and over expand, which leaves some air trapped in your lungs when you exhale. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can interfere with the normal process of breathing. COPD is a type of lung disease that permanently damages the lungs making it hard to breathe. There are two types of COPD’s chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis causes the bronchi to be inflamed and narrower producing more mucus, which can further block the bronchi. Emphysema causes the alveoli to become damaged overtime. Emphysema causes small airways to collapse when you exhale, impairing airflow out of your lungs. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631/ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/symptoms-causes/dxc-20204886 Compare and contrast innate vs.
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adaptive immunity. Discuss at least one specific condition that can impair the immune system’s ability to function normally
The immune system defends the body two different ways innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s natural way to fight against disease or pathogens consider this the body’s first line of defense against invasion. Innate immunity recognizes when something is not native to the body and attacks microbes preventing the infection from spreading. Innate immunity does not improve with constant exposure to bacteria. Therefore, it does not remember a particular microbe from before to fight it the same way. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is learned and can change over time. Once a foreign invader invades the body, the immune system analyzes its every detail. If the foreign invader where to enter the body again the immune system will know how to fight off the invader. Both systems work in close collaboration together for the same common goal to eliminate foreign intruders of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of arthritis causing swelling and painful deformities of the joints and immobility overtime especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. RA can also affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, or nerves. Doctors do not have a real cause for the disorder, but some speculate there is something in the body that triggers the immune system to attack joints and other organs, some think it is a bacteria or virus, genetics, and smoking. Immune system cells move from the blood into the joints and joint-lining tissue. Once the immune
adaptive immunity. Discuss at least one specific condition that can impair the immune system’s ability to function normally
The immune system defends the body two different ways innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s natural way to fight against disease or pathogens consider this the body’s first line of defense against invasion. Innate immunity recognizes when something is not native to the body and attacks microbes preventing the infection from spreading. Innate immunity does not improve with constant exposure to bacteria. Therefore, it does not remember a particular microbe from before to fight it the same way. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is learned and can change over time. Once a foreign invader invades the body, the immune system analyzes its every detail. If the foreign invader where to enter the body again the immune system will know how to fight off the invader. Both systems work in close collaboration together for the same common goal to eliminate foreign intruders of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of arthritis causing swelling and painful deformities of the joints and immobility overtime especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. RA can also affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, or nerves. Doctors do not have a real cause for the disorder, but some speculate there is something in the body that triggers the immune system to attack joints and other organs, some think it is a bacteria or virus, genetics, and smoking. Immune system cells move from the blood into the joints and joint-lining tissue. Once the immune