Biol121 Past Exam & Test Questions #2

Front 1

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the pleural layers is known as:

Back 1

pleurisy.

Front 2

What is the functional relationship between haemoglobin and pH?

Back 2

As pH drops, HbO2 saturation decreases.

Front 3

If you have maximally exhaled all the air you can (ERV+VT), what is the amount you can now inhale forcefully?

Back 3

vital capacity

Front 4

Protein's are quite hard to digest. WHY?

Back 4

they have a complex three-dimensional folded shape.

Front 5

The liver does NOT produce:

Back 5

Digestive enzymes

Front 6

In order for glycolysis to proceed, what need not be present?

Back 6

Oxygen.

Front 7

The movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration is known as:

Back 7

active transport

Front 8

What type of epithelium lines the trachea? Why?

Back 8

pseudostratified squamous epithelium

This type of epithelium produces mucous and has a layer and is ciliated, making it idea for the trapping of inhaled foreign materials and the pushing of them up toward the pharynx. Mucous escalator mechanism.

Front 9

What is 1 advantage of and one disadvantage of parenteral drug administration?

Back 9

Advantage: they are good for an immediate physiological response, being fast acting.

Disadvantage: it can be uncomfortable or distressing for the patient, especially in the young. It is also not as safe as methods that avoid breaking the skin.

Front 10

Name 2 primary functions of the kidney and 2 secondary functions of the kidney.

Back 10

Primary: 1) Excretion: the filtration and removal of metabolic wastes and drugs from the body. 2) Osmoregulation: important in the maintenance of water, electrolyte and fluid balance

Secondary: 1) Renin production, which helps regulation BP. 2) Erythropoietin production: for the stimulation of red blood cell production.

Front 11

The process of bone growth where initial cartilage templates are converted to bone is called __________ ossification.

Back 11

Intramembraneous

Front 12

What type of cell maintains the bone matrix?

Back 12

Osteocyte.

Front 13

What needs to be released at the neuromuscular junction to trigger the muscles to contract?

Back 13

Acetylcholine

Front 14

What products are absorbed in the stomach?

Back 14

Almost nothing is absorbed via the stomach, and we were told in lectures that nothing is absorbed. However some small molecules can be absorbed via the stomach in the right circumstances, including some medications (like aspirin) and caffeine.

Front 15

What products are absorbed in the large intestine?

Back 15

10% of nutrients will be absorbed at this later stage

Vitamin K

Front 16

What part of the brain detects rising blood co2 levels?

Back 16

The respiratory control centres located within the medulla oblongata

Front 17

Which muscles are involved in normal inspiration?

Back 17

External intercostals + diaphragm

Front 18

What muscles are involved in normal expiration?

Back 18

The external intercostals + diaphragm

(note this is elastic recoil and very passive)

Front 19

What happens, pressure wise, to make inspiration happen?

Back 19

As the external intercostals + diaphragm increase the volume of the lungs, the inter-pleural pressure reduces to 754 and lung pressure to decrease to 758, meaning air from the atmosphere rushes in.

Front 20

What muscles are added for forced expiration?

Back 20

Abdominal muscles

Internal intercostals

Front 21

What type of immunity is stomach acids?

Back 21

non-specific 1st line defence

Front 22

What is the right AV valve also called?

Back 22

Tricuspid

Front 23

What secretes HCL?

Back 23

Parietal cells

Front 24

How is the epithelium (what type?) of the stomach protected from acids?

Back 24

The simple columnar epithelium of the stomach is protected by stomach acids by: a gastric-mucosal layer which serves as a gel-like barrier & bicarbonate ions secreted by epithelial cells which neutralise acids.

Front 25

What blood type can B+ receive?

Why are these choices safe?

Back 25

B+, B-, O+, O-

These choices are safe as they don't have A antibodies.

Rh+ or Rh- is irrelevant and safe either way as Rh+ blood, unlike RH- blood, is used to Rh factor.

Front 26

What is the blood type of the universal donor?

Back 26

O-

Front 27

What blood type is the universal recipient?

Back 27

AB+

Front 28

What are examples of brand names?

Back 28

Panadol

Mersyndol

Claryntyne

Front 29

1. Which voltage gate opens during depolarisation?

2. Which ions move in which direction? (into or out of the cell)

3. Does membrane potential become more positive/negative?

Back 29

1. Sodium gate

2. Sodium ions rush into the cell

3. Positive.

Front 30

1. Which voltage gate opens during repolarisation?

2. Which ions move in which direction? (into or out of the cell)

3. Does membrane potential become more positive/negative?

Back 30

1. The sodium-potassium pump

2. Potassium is moving out of the cell

3. The membrane becomes more negative

Front 31

Give 2 reasons why the inside of the cell is negatively charged during resting membrane potential.

Back 31

1. There are more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

2. Sodium-potassium pumps move two potassium ions inside the cell as three sodium ions are pumped out, always maintaining the negatively-charged inside.

Front 32

A urinalysis of a healthy person shows no glucose. why?

Back 32

Because the kidneys reabsorb glucose back into the blood stream in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 33

A urinalysis after a very carb-filled 5 course meal shows glucose. why?

Back 33

Temporary Glycosuria can be caused as there is a limited number of carrier proteins to help glucose reabsorb. If these are all occupied, you reach renal threshold/transport maximum and glucose is lost in the urine.

Front 34

What do you call an immature red blood cell?

Back 34

Reticulocytes

Front 35

What is a neutrophil?

Back 35

A leukocyte

Front 36

What is the name of a cartilage cell?

Back 36

Chondrocyte

Front 37

What is the proper name for platelets?

Back 37

Thrombocyte

Front 38

What defence type is a lysosome?

Back 38

First line

Front 39

What defence type is phagocytosis?

Back 39

Second line

Front 40

What type of defence is antibodies?

Back 40

Third line

Front 41

What type of defence are interferons?

Back 41

Second line

Front 42

What is the name of the fibrous connective tissue lining the outside of bone?

Back 42

periosteum

Front 43

What is the name of the shaft of the bone?

Back 43

Diaphysis

Front 44

What is the name of long bone formation from a cartilaginous structure?

Back 44

Osteogenesis

Front 45

What is the name given to bone that is like lattice, an open network of struts?

Back 45

Spongey bone

Front 46

What is the bioavailability of an IV administered drug?

Back 46

100%

Front 47

How many urethral regions do men have?

How many do women have?

Back 47

Men: 3

Women: 1

Front 48

Label the attached

Back 48

Hint 48

Front 49

What is drug half-life?

Back 49

The period of time required for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced to exactly one-half of a given or amount.

Front 50

What effect does Oestrogen have on the endometrium in the first half of the menstrual cycle?

Back 50

Oestrogen is slowly building within the first half of the menstrual cycle, reaching a peak just before ovulation. Its effect is, during the proliferation phase (post menses, approximately 5-7 days in) to perpetuate cell growth in the functional zone of the endometrium, building it up ready for hopeful implantation.

Front 51

What do you mean my isometric contraction in skeletal muscles?

Back 51

the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction

Front 52

List 4 functions of blood:

Back 52

1. Transport of o2 around the body

2. Protection from infection due to its white blood cell component

3. Temperature regulation

4. Removal and transport of waste products from the tissues