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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the somatic and autonomic nervous system, how many neurons are between the CNS and effector?
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-somatic: 1
-autonomic: 2 |
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Name the parts of the neural pathway of the ANS from the CNS to target tissue,
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-CNS > preganglionic neuron > autonomic ganglion > postganglionic neuron > target tissue
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What is the name for a bundle of cell bodies?
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-CNS: nucleus
-PNS: ganglion |
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What is the name for a bundle of axons?
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-CNS: tract
-PNS: nerve |
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What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? Give an example.
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-slows digestion
-prepares for "flight or fight;" intense action -ie inhibition of salivary gland secretion, dilation of pupils and ejaculation |
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Name the major neurotransmitter associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
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-norepinepherine
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What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? Give an example.
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-stimulates digestion
-prepares for "rest or digest;" low intense action -ie constriction of bronchi in lungs, constriction pupils and erection |
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Name the major neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
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-acetylcholine
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Where is acetylcholine found in the nervous system?
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-all preganglionic neurons
-all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons -some sympathetic postganglionic neurons ie blood vessels |
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Describe the receptors for acetylcholine.
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1) cholinergic nicotine receptors
-nicotine agonist -cation channels 2) cholinergic muscarinic receptors -muscarine agonist -acts through G protein and second messenger system |
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Where is norepinephrine found in the nervous system?
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-most postganglionic sympathetic neurons
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Describe the receptors for norepinephrine.
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1) adrenergic receptors
-alpha receptors more responsive to NE -beta receptors more responsive to E -acts through G protein and second messenger system |
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Where is epinephrine produced?
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-medulla (core) of adrenal glands
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Define neuromuscular junction.
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-location where neurons comes near muscle cells
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What is a motor end plate?
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-the folded skeletal muscle membrane in close contact with motor neuron
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What encompasses the endocrine system?
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-cells and glands that secrete hormones
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What are the 3 types of hormonal signaling? Give an example of each.
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1) simple endocrine pathway ie response to low blood pressure
2) simple neurohormone pathway (brain hormones: hypothalamus and posterior pituitary) ie suckling response 3) simple neuroendocrine pathways (involves 2 or more hormones) ie milk production |
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What are the 3 chemical classifications of hormones?
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-peptide or protein hormones
-steriod hormones -amine hormone |
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What is the precursor for steriod hormones?
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Cholesterol
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Steriod hormones are hydro what and generally binds where?
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-hydrophobic
-binds inside cell |
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Amine hormones derived from what?
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-amino acid "NH2 group"
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What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
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-antidiuretic hormone
-oxytocin -releasing hormone -inhibiting hormone |
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ADH Where is it released and what does it do?
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-antidiuretic hormone
-hypothalamus -reabaorbtion of water and elevation of blood pressure/volume in kidney |
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Oxytocin Where is it released and what does it do?
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-hypothalamus
-labor contractions in uterus, milk secretion from mamary glands, contractions of ductus derferns and prostate,and ejaculation |
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Releasing hormone Where is it released and what does it do?
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-hypothalamus
-stimulate production of pituitary hormones |
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Inhibiting hormone Where is it released and what does it do?
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-hypothalamus
-inhibits production of pituitary hormones |
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What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
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-thyroxine and triiodothyronine
-calcitonin |
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Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Where is it released and what does it do?
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-thyroid gland
-increase energy and oxygen use,increase growth and development |
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Calcitonin Where is it released and what does it do?
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-thyroid gland
-decrease Ca ion concentration in body fluids; increase bone calcification |
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What is Goiter and Iodine deficiency?
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Enlargement of thyroid gland from lack of iodine and the excessive production of TSH.
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From where and what does the pancreas secrete?
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-pancreatic islets
-insulin -glucagon |
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Insulin Where is it released and what does it do?
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-pancreatic islets
-glycogen and lipid formation and storage, uptake of glucose by cells, decrease in blood glucose levels |
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Glucagon Where is it released and what does it do?
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-pancreatic islets
-breakdown of glycogen in liver, mobilization of lipids, increase blood glucose levels |
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Name the tissues and organelles of the structure and its surrounding membranes associated with muscles from organ to smallest functional unit.
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-epimysium > muscle > perimysium > fascicle > endomysium > sarcolemma > muscle fiber (cell) > sarcoplasmic reticulum > myofibrils > sarcomere
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What is the part of the sarcolemma that projects into the cells?
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T tubule
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What is the region where the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubule meet called?
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-terminal cisternae
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What is a triad in a muscle cell?
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-2 terminal cisternae and a T tubule
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What protein are thin filaments made of?
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actin
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What protein are thick filaments made of?
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myosin
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Define the region A band.
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Width of thick filaments
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Define the region I band.
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Area of sarcomere containing only thin filaments
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Define the region H zone.
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Area of sarcomere containing only thick filaments
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What is contained in the H zone?
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M line
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What is contained in the I band?
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Z disk
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What is the motor protein of muscles?
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myosin molecules
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How is ATP stored during resting state?
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ADP + phosphocreatine
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What is the function of tropomyosin?
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blocks binding site on G actin from myosin heads
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What is the function of troponin and what is the mechanism behind it?
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-moves tropomyosin to expose binding sites of G actin
-calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Define end plate potential.
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deporalization of muscle before threshold
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Describe the process that occurs during the latent period of muscle contraction (7 steps).
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excitation-conduction coupling
1) somatic motor neuron releases ACh at neuromuscular junction 2) net entry of Na ions through ACh receptor-channels initiates muscle action potential 3) action potential from membrane to t-tubules alters conformation of DHP receptor 4) DHP receptor opens RyR on sarcoplasmic reticulum and releases Ca ions 5) Ca ions bind to troponin 6) tropomyosin moves to expose binding site of G-actin 7) muscle contraction (sliding filaments) |
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Describe the 3 skeletal muscle fiber types.
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1) slow twitch: slow to contract, small diameter, long-lasting contraction, fatigue resistant, dark red in color due to myoglobin (stronger relative of hemoglobin)
2) fast twitch (glyolytic): fastest speed of contraction, large diameter, short duration of contraction, easily fatigued, pale in color 3) fast twitch (oxidative): intermediate speed of contraction, medium diameter, fatigue resistant, contains myoglobin |
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Define motor unit.
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motor neuron and all muscle fibers in controls
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What are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system?
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-heart
-blood -blood vessels |
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What 3 factors can increase blood resistance?
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1) distance traveled increase
2) diameter of blood vessel decrease 3) viscosity of blood increase |
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What are 2 ways of active control of blood flow?
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-vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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What is a autorhythmic cell?
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a cell that can experience an action potential without a motor nueron activation
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Describe heart conduction pathways.
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-SA node > internodal pathways > AV node > A-V bundle > bundle branch > Purkinje fibers
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What is a complete heart block?
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Damage to the heart that inhibits the pacemakers (72 bpm)
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Define arrhythmias and describe the types (3).
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-abnormal heart rate
-bradycardia: slower than normal -tachycardia: faster than normal -fibrillation: uncoordinated myocardiocyte contraction |
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What are the differences in excitation-conduction coupling in myocardocytes?
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-Ca inflow through DHP to release Ca from SR "Ca induced Ca release"
-DHP and RyR are not physically linked -action potential has a longer repolarization phase |
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Why is the action potential in myocardiocytes longer than skeletal muscles? Why is it important?
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-Ca flow delays K permeability
-myocardiocytes cannot stair step to tetanus |
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In reference to cells, what is a refractory period?
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-period of time during which another action potential cannot occur
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Define the 4 terms used in an ECG.
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-wave: diviation from base line
-segment: section of the base line between waves -interval: combination of waves and segments -complex: combination of waves ie QRS complex |
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Define systole and distole.
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-(S) contraction of chambers
-(D) relaxation of chambers |
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Define stroke volume.
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-volume of blood leaving the left ventricle in 1 cardiac cycle
-> SV = EDV - ESV |
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Define cardiac output.
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-volume of blood leaving left ventricle per min
-> cardiac output = heart rate • stroke volume |
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What electrical event occurs during the P wave?
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atrial depolarization
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What electrical event occurs during the PQ segment?
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conduction through AV node and A-V bundle
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What electrical event occurs during the Q wave?
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A-V bundle depolarization
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What electrical event occurs during the R wave?
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righ and left bundle branches depolarization
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What electrical event occurs during the S wave?
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Purkinje fibers depolarization
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What electrical event occurs during the ST segment?
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Ventricular depolarization
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What electrical event occurs during the T wave?
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ventricular repolarization
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