Biochemistry Quiz Study Guide

Front 1

what is bioluminescence?

Back 1

the phenomenon in witch chemical reactions within organism's (fireflies, fish, many other animals) abdomen release energy in the form of light.

Front 2

water composes from ____ to ____ of any living system.

Back 2

50, 90%

Front 3

hydrogen and oxygen compose over ____ of living systems.

Back 3

75%

Front 4

How are hydrogen and oxygen atoms related?

Back 4

2 H and 1 O composes water molecule

Front 5

does electrons move slower or faster around the oxygen side of a water molecule, and why?

Back 5

slower, because the oxygen side has more force and the electrons want to be along that side of the water molecule.

Front 6

what does the water molecule look like?

Back 6

Mickey Mouse

Front 7

What are the two types of mixtures?

Back 7

solution and suspension

Front 8

What is a mixture?

Back 8

A material composes of two or more elements or compounds that are physically, not chemically mixed together

Front 9

why is water so good at forming mixtures?

Back 9

it's polarity

Front 10

What is a solution?

Back 10

a mixture of 2 or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed throughout (dissolved)

Front 11

What is a solvent?

Back 11

the substance that does the dissolving

Front 12

What is a solute?

Back 12

The substance that is dissolved

Front 13

describe the characteristics of acids

Back 13

-sour taste
-ph below 7
-hydrogen ions
-turns blue litmis paper red

Front 14

describe the charac. of bases

Back 14

-bitter taste
-ph above 7
-hydroxide ions
-turns red litmis paper blue

Front 15

lemon juice pH?
oven cleaner pH?

Back 15

2.5, 13.5

Front 16

which solution has the highest concentration of H+ ions?
of OH- ions?

Back 16

stomach acid, oven cleaner

Front 17

Is Hydrogen fluoride pH below or above 7?

Back 17

below

Front 18

what the general pH of rainwater?
of acid rain(precipitation)?

Back 18

6 to 7, 3.5

Front 19

what is a suspension?

Back 19

mixture of water and nondissolved material(it's suspended)

Front 20

what properties of blood would classify it as a suspension?

Back 20

-types of cells
-vitamins
-cell membranes
-minerals
-proteins

they're all suspended in blood plasma

Front 21

How are mixtures, acids and bases, and suspensions found in living things all common?

Back 21

They all contain water

Front 22

The four elements that make up ____ of the total weight of the human body?

Back 22

96.3%, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Front 23

difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Back 23

organic compounds MUST contain carbon.

Front 24

organic compounds must contain ____ in each ____

Back 24

carbon, molecule

Front 25

how is carbon such a special and important compound in living things?

Back 25

it's very versatile. has 4 outer valence electrons. can combine with many many other elements through covalent bonds, esp. with itself.

Front 26

rocks may contain ____

Back 26

carbon atoms, but it's inorganic because it's not living.

Front 27

What does polymerization do?

Back 27

combines many atoms to make a molecule
(great number of monomer are bonded together to make a polymer)

Front 28

monomer means..?

Back 28

one part

Front 29

polyester is made by the process of polymerization. Why is this same process extremely important to living things?

Back 29

monomers must pass through cell membranes because polymers are too large

Front 30

the four major groups of organic compounds found in living things?

Back 30

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Front 31

What the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms found in a molecule of carbohydrate and why is this important?

Back 31

2:1. it's water!

Front 32

what are glucose, galactose, fructose?

Back 32

simple sugar.

Front 33

what is simple sugar referred to as?

Back 33

monosaccharides

Front 34

two monosaccharides joined together is a____.
3 or more is a ____.

Back 34

diasaccharides, polysaccharides

Front 35

what the process whereby simple sugars are polymerized?
and how does it work?
how many water molecules are needed to be taken out?

Back 35

dehydration synthesis,
monosaccharides are joined together, and the ends are taken out either a OH- ion or a H+ ion, so that the ends of positive or negative. Each time two join together, a water molecule is taken out.
The number of monosaccharides minus 1 is the amount of water molecules taken out.

Front 36

OH- + H+ -->

Back 36

H2O (Water)

Front 37

what are the three different types of polysaccharides and what are their functions?

Back 37

-glycogen/"animal" - is stored in liver and large muscles. When the level of glucose is low, the glycogen breaks apart into glucose and replaces the lost ones, providing energy.

-plant starch - plants need it to store extra sugar as starch

-cellulose - produced by plants and it provides the tough and rigidity for the plants. it's a major component of both wood.

Front 38

the splitting apart of polysaccharides to form monosaccharides is termed ____.
how does this relate to dehydration synthesis?

Back 38

hydrolysis.
it's the EXACT opposite of dehydration synthesis

Front 39

the artificial sweetner that is believed to cause cancer is called ____

Back 39

saccharin

Front 40

lipids feel...

Back 40

oily or waxy

Front 41

list the 6 major roles in living organisms performed by lipids

Back 41

-store energy
-important part of cell membranes
-waterproof coverings (cacti)
-insulation (polar bear)
-protection (kidneys)
-chemical messengers (steroids)

Front 42

what are the most common forms of lipids and how dot hey differ?

Back 42

fats, waxes (most of both are solid at room temperature)
oils (liquid at room temperature)

Front 43

what's the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polysaturated lipids?

Back 43

saturated - fatty acids contains hydrogens and carbon-carbon single bonds (the hydrogen is joined off carbon atoms)

unsaturated-one double bond

polyunsaturated-more double bonds

Front 44

eggs are often used in recipes as emulsifying agents to break up oil and fat molecules because..

Back 44

so they can mix with other substances more easily

Front 45

why are the two other lipids, sterols and phospholipids important?

Back 45

phosphlipids-lipids that are added with phosphorus which make cell membranes
sterols-steroids uses as chemical messengers

Front 46

proteins comes from the Greek work proteios which means...?

Back 46

"of first importance"

Front 47

proteins are organic compounds that contain ____ in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Back 47

nitrogen

Front 48

what does nitrogen do?

Back 48

makes protein

Front 49

proteins are polymers of ____

Back 49

amino acids

Front 50

there are more than ____ different types of amino acids

Back 50

20

Front 51

when two amino acids are combined, they form ____ aka. covalent bond between 2 amino acids

Back 51

peptide bonds

Front 52

proteins have numerous roles, name them

Back 52

-regulate cell processes or to control the rate of reaction
-it's in cell membranes, transport substances in and out of cells or to help fight disease
-used to form bones and muscle, used for structural purposes
-enzymes(99% are proteins)

Front 53

does enzymes take part in reactions? are they used up? if not, how do they come out?

Back 53

no, no, in feces

Front 54

too much ____ and ____ can be dangerous

Back 54

protein and amino acid

Front 55

what's a catalyst? what other names do we use to call it?

Back 55

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. We use enzymes instead, which can speed up or down the rate.

Front 56

how quickly can catalysts work to speed up reactions?

Back 56

1 million times faster

Front 57

why must we need enzymes in our stomachs?

Back 57

to digest proteins, or else it'd take 50 years for a single meal.

Front 58

the compounds that are affected by an enzyme as known as ____

Back 58

substrates

Front 59

the compounds affected by an enzyme are binded together at a region known as the ____

Back 59

active site

Front 60

what does it mean for an enzyme to be specific?

Back 60

the substrates must fit like a key into the active site, the lock.

Front 61

name the organic macromolecules

Back 61

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Front 62

carbohydrates- elements they are composed of?

Back 62

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (2:1 ratio, lots of times)

Front 63

carbohydrates- monomers connected through dehydration synthesis

Back 63

monosaccharides (sugar)

Front 64

examples of monosaccharides?

Back 64

gluctose, galactose, fructose

Front 65

carbohydrates- function(s)

Back 65

-used as main source of energy
-structural purposes

Front 66

lipids- elements they are composed of?

Back 66

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (not in a 2:1 ratio)

Front 67

lipids- monomers connected through dehydration synthesis

Back 67

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Front 68

lipids- function(s)

Back 68

-protection
-insulation
-important parts of cell membranes
-store energy
-chemical messengers
-waterproof coverings

Front 69

proteins- elements they are composed of

Back 69

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

Front 70

proteins- monomers connected through dehydration synthesis

Back 70

amino acids

Front 71

proteins- function(s)

Back 71

-regulate cell processes and control the rate of reactions
-in cell membranes and transport substances into or out of cells, or to help fight disease
-enzymes (proteins)
-used for structural purposes (bones and muscles)

Front 72

What are the five types of atoms in nucleic acids?

Back 72

hydrogen, carbon, exygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

Front 73

nucleic acids are made from monomers called...

Back 73

nucleotides

Front 74

what are the 3 parts of nucleotides?

Back 74

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Front 75

the 2 main types of nucleic acids?

Back 75

deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribonucleic acid (DNA)

Front 76

what is the job of nucleic acids?

Back 76

to store and transmit genetic information

Front 77

will mistake in DNA always cause mutation?

Back 77

no, not always