Biochemistry 2

Front 1

Describe the term Chemoheterotrophs

Back 1

Describes humans that use energy from chemicals produced by other organisms such as plants and animals

1) we store energy in reduced molecules such as carbs and fats, which are oxidized into CO2 and ATP

2) ATP energizes the reactions in cells

Front 2

What do Oxidation and Reduction do ?

Back 2

Oxidation:

-Attaching oxygen/attaching bonds to it

-remove hydrogen

-remove electrons

Reduction:

-Removing oxygen/removing bonds to it

-adding hydrogen

-adding electrons

Front 3

Oxidation or Reduction Questions

1) CH3CH3 --> H2C=Ch2

2) Fe3+ --> Fe2+

3) O2 --> H2o

4) NAD+ ---> NADH

5) FADH2----> FAD

Back 3

1) Oxidation: because H is removed

2) Reduction: electrons are added

3) Reduction: reduction of O2 bonds and addition of H bonds

4) Redox adding H+

5) Ox: removing H+

Front 4

Catabolism vs. Anabolism

Back 4

Catabolism: process of breaking down molecules

Anabolism: building up a metabolism

Front 5

What does Oxidative Catabolism do and describe the cycles we must go through

Back 5

How we extract energy from glucose

1) Glycolosis

2) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC)

3) Krebs Cycle (TCA) (Citric Acid)

4) ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 6

Glucose Oxidation Stoichiometry

Back 6

Oxidation of Glucose

C6H12O6+6O2--> 6CO2 + 6 H2O+ATP

-Carbons of glucose are oxidized to CO2

-Oxygens are reduced to H2O

Front 7

Glucose-ATP Coupling

Back 7

making the unfavorable synthesis of ATP occur with the coupling of the favorable oxidation of glucose

Front 8

Glycolosis Major Steps and Enzymes before splitting into two molecules

Back 8

1) Glucose - 1 ATP, catalyzed by hexokinase to form +1 G6P and +1 ADP

2) G6P-->F6P

3) PFK catalyzes the conversion of F6P to F-1,6,bisP by transferring a Phosphate from ATP to the F6P (very favorable RXN/Hard to reverse "commited step"

Front 9

Glycolosys Major Steps and Enzymes Beginning with F-1,6bisP splitting

Back 9

1) 2 molecules of GDE-3-P -2 Pi and -2 NAD+ forms 2 molecules of 1,3 biphosphoglycerate and +2 NADH + 2H+

2) 2 molecules of 1,3-bP-Gate coupled with -2 ADP forms 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate and +2 atp

3) Pyruvate Kinase catalyzes 2 molecules of PEP -2ADP to form 2 pyruvates and +2ATP

Front 10

Glycolosis Products

Back 10

+4 ATP - 2ATP = +2ATP

+2 NADH

+2 Pyruvate

Front 11

Where do the products of glycolysis go

Back 11

1) Aerobic (O2 presence) products go to the PDC and Krebs Cycle

2) Anaerobic (No O2) doesnt alllow ETC to function, so products go into Fermentation

Front 12

Describe the basics of fermentation

Back 12

No Oxygen: no ETC or Phosphorylation, No KREBS, NO PDC

Problems: end products are toxic (ethanol and lactate) and we only get 2 ATP

Uses pyruvate to coupled with Oxidation NADH to Regenerate ADP+

Front 13

Examples of Fermentation

Back 13

1) Ethanol

(Step 1) Pyruvate Coupled with H+ looses an oxygen and is Reduced to acetylaldehyde and excess CO2

(Step 2) Actetylaldehyde coupled with NADH is reduced to Ethanol and 1 NAD+

2) Lactate

(Step 1) Pyruvate coupled with NADH is reduced to Lactate and 1 NAD+

Front 14

Krebs Cycle Step 1 & 2 Input and output

Back 14

1) Input: 4 Carbon OAA + 2 molecules of 2 carbon Acetyl-CoA

Output: 6 carbon Citric Acid

2) Input: Citric Acid + CoA-SH + H+

Output: 6 carbon Isocitrate

Front 15

Krebs Cycle Step 3 & 4 Input and Output

Back 15

3) Input: Isocitrate and NAD+

Output: 2NADH and CO2 and a-ketoregulate

4) Input 5 carbon A-keto and NAD+

output: 2NADH and CO2 and a 4 carbon succinyl-CoA

Front 16

Krebs Cycle Step 5, 6, 7, 8 Input and Output

Back 16

5) Input: 4 carbon succinyl + GDP + Pi

Output: 2GTP and Succinate

6) Input: Succinate + FAD

Output: Fumurate and 2FADH2

7) Input Fumurate + h20

Output: malate

8) Input: Malate + NAD+

Output 2NADH and OAA

Front 17

Krebs Products

Back 17

6NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP per glucose

Front 18

GTP and krebs cycle

Back 18

GTP will eventually transfer its high energy phosphate bond to ADP converting it into ATP

Front 19

Where does pyruvate go after Glycolosys

Back 19

pyruvate that is produced in glycolysis in the cytosol is transported to the mitochondrial matrix for complete oxidation to CO2

Front 20

Oxidative Decarboxylation

Back 20

a molecule is oxidized to release co2 and NADH

Front 21

PDC STEPS

Back 21

1) 2 (3 Carbon) pyruvates coupled with NAD+ are oxidized, coupled with its cofactor coenzyme A producing 2 (2 carbon) molecules of Acetyl COA, giving off CO2 and creating 2NADH+H+

Front 22

Mitochndria Major Components in Catabolism

Back 22

Inner and outer membrane: each with a lipid bilayer

Cristae: folds on the inner membrane that extend into the matrix

Intermembrane space: contunous with cystoplasm

Front 23

2 goals of ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylphoration

Back 23

1) oxidize all electron carriers that were reduced during glycolosis, pdc, and krebs cycle

2) make usable energy in the form of ATP

Front 24

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Strucuture & Function

Back 24

immpermeable

densley folded into structures called cristae where electron ETS electron carriers and ATP synthase are embedded

Front 25

Outer mitochondrial membrane structure description

Back 25

smooth with large pores formed by porin proteins

Front 26

Mitochondrial location of reduced electron carriers

Back 26

2 NADH from glycolosis are in the cytoplasm, electrons from NADH will have to be transported into the mitochondria before being passed to the ETC

All other NADH and FADH2 were produced in the matrix so there is no need to move electrons

Front 27

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Electron Carriers location and function

Back 27

Prokaryotes: electron cariers are in the cytoplasm then are oxidatively phosphorylphorated via membrane bound ATP synthase

*no need to shuttle NADH netting two extra phosphate bonds

Eukaryotes: have to shuttle electrons from cytosilic NADH into the Matrix which costs energy

Front 28

What effect would be the result of increasing concentrations of ATP on PFK actvity in glycolosis

Back 28

In abundance, ATP should slow glycolosis because ATP allosterically inhibits PFK which ceases the production of ATP

Front 29

Would a limiting supply of NAD+ stimulate or inhibit glycolosis

Back 29

if all NAD+ is converted to NADH, then the step in glycolosis that uses NAD+ to create NADH would not occur inhibiting glycolosis

Front 30

What happens to lactate in human muscle cells after prolonged strenuous exercise

Back 30

Lactate is transported to the liver from the muscle cells

When O2 becomes available the liver converts it into pyruvate while making NADH from NAD+

1) Excess NADH can be used to make ATP in oxidative phosphlyphoration

2) Pyruvate can enter gluconeogenesis or the krebs cycle in the liver

Front 31

What effect would you predict if a high level of AMP is added to the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ?

Back 31

A high ratio of AMP to ADP ---> ATP is a low energy charge. A low energy charge will stimulate the PDC increasing the rate of entry of pyruvate into the KREBS cycle

Front 32

Name PDC Complex enzymes & their prosthetic groups (Coenzymes) and describe their formation

Back 32

Enzymes bundle together to make a complex

E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase + TPP

E2: Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase + Lipoamide

E3: Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase + FAD

Front 33

FAD

Back 33

derivative of riboflavin vitaimin B2 and is a prostheitc group coenzyme in the PDC Cycle

Front 34

Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Back 34

derived from thiamine vitamin B1 and is a coenzyme in the PDC

Front 35

ATP synthase

Back 35

multi subunit enzyme that makes ATP (imbedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane)

Front 36

Coenzyme A

Back 36

large thiol group derived from ATP and the vitamin pantothenic acid

it accepts acetyl groups which are bonded to it through a high energy thiester bond

Front 37

BeriBeri disease is caused by thiamine defieciency, frequently results from a diet of white rice in undeveloped nations. Which would best describe the effects of thiamine deffieciency on cellular metabolism in humans

Back 37

prosthetic groups such as TPP in the PDC Cycle require thiamine & the krebs cylce. They are bound to enzymes as a part of the active site, thus PDC and the Krebs would shut down due to the lack of production of NADH and FADH2. Lack of NADH & FADH2 would reduce production of ATP in ETC. In order to compensate only Anaerobic ATP production via glycolosis would occur

Front 38

How many chiral carbons are present in citrate in the Krebs Cycle

Back 38

none, since none of the 6 carbons have 4 unique substituents

Front 39

If pyruvate is radiolabeled on it #1 carbon (the most oxidized carbon, where will the labeled carbon end up in the krebs cycle

Back 39

in CO2

Front 40

How many carbons from the COA component of acetyl COA enter the krebs cycle?

Back 40

none= CoA assists in catalysis meaning that is isnt consumed in the reaction but regenerated at the end of the cycle as CoA-SH

Front 41

Oxidative Phsophorylation Process

Back 41

The oxidation of the high energy carriers NADH and FADH2 coupled to Synthesis of ATP which uses the oxidated protons in the ETC from NADH and FADH to produce atp from ADP and Pi

Front 42

Proton Gradient Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 42

when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized it gives the enzyme energy to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where they are used for ATP production

Front 43

Name the ETC Enzymes and Coenzymes and describe them

Back 43

1) NADH Hydrogenase (Large reducer of NADH)

2) Ubiquinone "coenzyme q" small reducer of FADH2

3) Coenzyme C reductase (Large)

4) Cyctochrome C (small hydrophillic protein bound loosely to the inner membrane

5) Cytochrome Oxidase (Reduces O2 to H2O)

Front 44

ETC Steps

Back 44

1) NADH Dehydrogenase receives electron reducing power from incoming NADH, it reduces NADH to NAD+

2) Electrons are passed to Coenzyme q which reduces FADH2 to FAD

3) Electrons passed to coenzyme c reductase

4) Electrons are passed to cytochrome c

5) electrons passed to cytochrome C oxidase which reduces co2 into h20

6) ATP Synthesis

Front 45

Krebs Cycle Image

Back 45

Front 46

PDC Image

Back 46

Front 47

Lactate Fermentation Image

Back 47

Front 48

Glycolysis Location and basics

Back 48

Enzymes in the Cytosol of mitochondria, does not need o2

Front 49

PDC/KREBS location and basics

Back 49

Mito Matrix, require oxygen

Front 50

ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation Location and basics ?

Back 50

Inner mito matrix and require o2