Biochem Final 2: Nutrition & Vitamins

Front 1

Estimatied Average Requirement (EAR)

Back 1

intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement defined by a specified indicator of adequacy in
50 percent of an age- and gender-specific group.

At this level of intake,
the remaining 50 percent of the specified group
would not have its needs met.

Front 2

Tolerable Upper Intake Level
(UL)

Back 2

...is the maximum level of daily nutrient intake
that is unlikely to pose risks
of adverse health effects
to almost all of the individuals
in the group for whom it is designed.

Front 3

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

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the dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all individuals in the group.

Front 4

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

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Calories required to maintain
basic physiological functions, but nothing more.

calculate minimum Caloric intake

"energy needed to veg out, basic level to say alive"

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measure of energy (food)

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1 food Calorie = 1 kilocalorie
1 food Calorie = 4.2 KJ
1 kilocalorie =1 joule=1Calorie
1 calorie=4.2 joules

Front 6

Harris-Benedict Equation

Back 6

Calculate RMR:
+Height
+Weight
-Age (older you get the less you need to eat)

differences between men and women.

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Harris-Benedict Equation: diffrences between men and women.

Back 7

men have more lean muscle mass than women.

-aidipose requires less energy to maintain than muscle

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Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation

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Calculate RMR:
+Height
+Weight
-Age

No difference between men and women in equation.

Front 9

Factors that determine caloric requirements.

Back 9

-hight/weight
-lean-body mass
-sex
-age
-activity level
-health
-pregnancy/lactation
-genetics

Front 10

Which has the largest Caloric content per gram?

Back 10

Fat 9 Cal/gram

Front 11

What is the Caloric content of fat, carbohydrates, and protein per gram?

Back 11

Fat 9 Cal/g

protein: 4 Cal/g

carbohydrates: 4 Cal/g

Front 12

how do you calculate BMI?

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weight (kg)/height (m2)

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What is the normal range of BMI?

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18.5-24.9

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What is considered overweight?

a)1.5-24.9
b)25-29.9
c)30+

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b)25-29.9

Front 15

what is considered obese?

a)1.5-24.9
b)25-29.9
c)30+

Back 15

c) 30+

Front 16

What are the ranges of the 3 grades of BMI obesity?

Back 16

grade 1: 30-35
grade 2: 35-40
grade 3: 40+

Front 17

glycemic index

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blood glucose response from food/blood glucose response from glucose * 100%

Front 18

Glycemic Load

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Glycemic Load= Glycemic Index * amount (of food)

Front 19

Which is more useful parameter for planning diets?

Glycemic Load or Index?

Back 19

Glycemic Load is a more useful parameter for planning diets than Glycemic Index alone.

Front 20

what nutrients can be fermented by GI biota and nourish the gut mucosa?

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soluble fiber: pectins, gums, mucilages, agars.

give rise to short-chain fatty acids that nourish the gut mucosa.

Front 21

trans fatty acids effects on cholesterol

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increase LDL

decrease HDL

Front 22

what are the 2 ways that polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance the profile of fatty acids in the plasma?

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1) increase oxidation of fatty acids. ppar

2) inhibit lipogenesis. SRENBP1/NF-Y

Decrease fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis

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ppar

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peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

polyunsaturate fatty acids bind to receptor-->oxidation of fatty acids

Front 24

SRENBP1 & NF-Y

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sterol regulatory element binding protein 1

Front 25

polyunsaturated fatty acids have what types of bonds

Back 25

cis

Front 26

Vitamers

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structurally related forms of vitamins

Front 27

primary vitamin deficiencies

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dietary cause

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secondary vitamin deficiencies

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metobloic cause

Front 29

water soluble vitamins

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B complex and vitamin C

Front 30

fat soluble vitamins

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DEAK

Front 31

Which vitamins can be stored and toxic?

Back 31

fat soluble DEAK vitamins

Front 32

What water soluble vitamin is stored and not toxic?

Back 32

B12

Front 33

what fat solubile vitamin can be made by us?

Back 33

vitamin D

Front 34

what are the macro nutrients?

Back 34

carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Front 35

what are the micro nutrients?

Back 35

vitamins, minerals

Front 36

Thiamin (B1): What can the hyrogen of the active group be readily repaced with?

Back 36

acyl group

Front 37

thiamin (b1) acts a cofactor to..

Back 37

1. pyruvate dh
2. α-kg dh
3. transketolases
4. neuronal phosphorylation

Front 38

Thiamin deficiency may lead to...

Back 38

lactic acidosis

Front 39

Dry Beriberi

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Thiamin deficiency with neuropathy.

Front 40

Wet Beriberi

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Thiamin deficiency with cardiac failure.

Front 41

why is thiamine (B1) given before an IV glucose drip?

Back 41

glucose is converted to pyruvate via glycolysis.

pyruvate dehydrogenase: pyruvate --> acetyl CoA to enter the citric acid cycle.

pyruvate dh requires thiamine (B1) as a co-factor.
If there is a thiamine (B1) deficiency then pyruvate builds up.

LDH: high [pyruvate]--> lactate (at the expense of 1 NADH)

If the patient has a thiamine (B1) and is administered glucose a build up of lactate can lead to lactic acidosis = toxic.

Front 42

Pellagra

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means raw skin
Niacin deficiency

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what are the 4 D's of Pellagra

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Four D’s:
dermatitis
diarrhea
dementia
death

Front 44

Niacin involved with what what types of reactions?

constitutes the acitve site on what molecule?

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NAD and NADP

redox reactions, ADP donor

Niacin --> NAD

Front 45

Riboflavin (B2) is involved with
what types of reactions?

constitutes the acitve site on what molecule?

Back 45

FAD

redox reactions

riboFlavin -->FAD

Front 46

what type of reactions can be affected by a riboflavin(B2) deficiency?

Back 46

roboflavin constitutes the active site on FAD and FMN therefore it is escential to some redox reactins.

Front 47

riboflavin acts as a cofactor for what enzymes?

Back 47

1) Succinic dh
2)monoamine oxidase
3)glutathione reductase

Front 48

what is Succinic dh invloved with?

Back 48

Succinic dh is complex II in the electron transport chain, and parcipates in the CA cycle

Front 49

what are the signs of riboflavin deficiency?

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(1) angular cheilosis: inflammatory lesion (deep cracks or splits) @ the corner of the mouth

(2) dermatitis

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what are the causes of riboflavin (B2) deficiency?

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chlorpromazine (inhibits flavokinase)

photo-therapy

dialysis

pregnancy

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riboflavin is converted to riboflavin phosphaste by ?

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flavokinase

Front 52

Pantothenate (B5) is a structural component of what 2 molecules?

Back 52

1) coenzyme A

2) acyl carrier protein (ACP)

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coenzyme A is involved in what reactions?

What vitamin is a structural component of coenzyme A?

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synthesis and oxidation of FA

oxidation of pyruvate for CA cycle.

Pantothenate (B5)

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biotin (B7) is a cofactor in what type of reactions?

Back 54

cofactor of carboxylation reactions.

Front 55

biotin (B7) deficiency

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-hair greying/loss
-dermatitis
-muscular incoordination

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Biotin (B7) deficiency caused by

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-biotinidase (BTD) deficiency (removes biotin from biocytin (from food))

-avidin consumption (raw egg white)

-antibiotics (decreased gut flora)

Front 57

What are the 2 vitamins associated with carboxylation are produced by our gut flora?

Back 57

Biotin and vitamin K

Front 58

Folate

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involved in one-carbon metabolism

Front 59

Folate (B9) deficiency

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most common cause of macrocytic / megaloblastic anemia

DNA synthesis is inhibited megaloblast cells can't divide.

inhibit tetrahydrofolate --> inhibit amino acids and nucleic acids synthesis

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folate deficiency

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methotrexate therapy
goats milk

Front 61

what inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)?

dihydrofolate -->tetrahyrofolate

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methotraxate therapy (cancer) used to impair nucleotide synthesis.

tetrahyrofolate-->amino acids and nucleic acids

Front 62

B12 is produced only by what?

Back 62

micro-organisms.

Front 63

what enzyme requires B12 as a methyl doner?

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homocysteine methyl tansferase

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homocysteine methyl tansferase uses B12 as a methy doner in what 2 reactions?

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homocysteine --> methionine

methylmalonyl CoA --> succinyl CoA

Front 65

how do you test for B12 deficiency?

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test for methylmalonic aciduria

methylmalonyl CoA builds up and gets converted to methylmalonic acid (in urine) and CoA

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Secondary B12 deficiency

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lack of intrinsic factor

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Secondary B12 deficiency

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1)pernicious anemia

2)parasitic infection

3)gastrectomy

4)No2 analgesia

Front 68

Vegans are at risk for primary deficiency in what?

Back 68

B12

Front 69

macrocytic anemia is caused by deficiency of what 2 vitamins?

Back 69

B12 and folate

Front 70

what are the 2 signs of B12 vitamin deficiency?

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1) macrocytic anemia
2)neurological impairment

Front 71

what is the most common cause of macrocytic anemia?

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folate deficiency

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Why should you not just treat a pateint with macrocytic anemia with folate?

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If folate is given to a patient who has B12 deficiency, the anemia will resolve, but the
neurological deterioration will continue, and the patient will die.

Front 73

ascorbate

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Vitamin C

powerful redox reagent

Collagen synthesis

c-terminal amidation (neuropeptides)

Front 74

Scurvey

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ascorbate/Vitamin C deficiency

Front 75

Barlow's disease

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ascorbate/Vitamin C deficiency

child scurvy

Front 76

activated vitamin D

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calcitriol

Front 77

what vitamin is hydroxilated in 2 different organs?

Back 77

vitamin D

liver and kidney

Front 78

vitamin A dificiency

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nyctalopia (night blindness)

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vitamin A: retinal

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in rhodopsin (light-absorbing pigment in rods/cones)

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vitamin A: retinol/retinoic acid

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differentiation of epithelial cells and maturation of cartilage.

Front 81

Vitamin dificiency?

Symptoms of night blindness

later signs
flaky skin
respiratory infections
GI disease

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Vitamin A

Front 82

What percusor can we make vitamin A from?

Back 82

Carotene

only convert if you need vitamin A.

Front 83

what vitamin is only made by plants?

Back 83

vitamin E

Front 84

Fragile red cells.

Creatinuria (muscle damage)

alpha-tocopherol transfer protein deficiency

Back 84

Vitamin E deficiency

Front 85

warfarin can be a competitive inhibitor of what vitamin?

Back 85

Vitamin K

warfarin interferes with Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation.

woman ate lots of broccoli and messed up her warfarin treatment

Front 86

Glu to Gla syntesis

Back 86

Vitamin K

Front 87

?...through its role in the synthesis of osteocalcin can influence the interaction of bone with glucose metabolism

Back 87

Vitamin K