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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Effects of Reversible Inhibitors on Apparent Vmax and Apparent Km |
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Competitive inhibition |
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Uncompetitive inhibition |
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Mixed inhibition aka Noncompetitive inhibition |
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Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin via |
Enteropeptidase |
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Chymotrypsinogen is activated to chymotrypsin via |
Trypsin |
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Chymotrypsin cleaves |
F W Y |
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Chymotrypsin catalysis requires |
His57 to be unprotonated and Ile16 to be protonated Ser195 is the key active-site Ser residue in chymotrypsin catalysis |
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Irreversible inhibition of chymotrypsin via |
DIFP Diisopropylfluorophosphate |
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Lysozyme catalyzes |
Beta (1->4) glycosidic bond cleavages via SN2 |
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What is the representative monosaccharide in RNA and DNA |
RNA (ribonucleic acid) - D-ribose DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - 2-deoxy-D-ribose |
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Mutarotation |
The interconversion of alpha and beta anomers. At equilibrium, 1/3 is Alpha and 2/3 is Beta-D-glucose |
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Furanose |
5 membered sugar ring |
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Pyranose |
6 membered sugar ring |
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Fehling's test for reducing sugars |
Glucose and other reducing sugars capable of reducing cupric ion. 3Cu2+ ---> 3Cu+ |
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Maltose |
Alpha-D-Glucose + Beta-D-Glucose |
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Glycogen or amylopectin branch points |
Linear (a1-->4)Glc Branch points at (a1-->6)Glc
Glycogen every 8-12 residues Amylopectin every 24-30 residues |
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Amylose is linked by |
(a1-->4)Glc linear |
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Cellulose is linked by |
(B1-->4)Glc |
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Chitin is linked by |
(B1-->4)GlcNAc
It is a homopolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units Differs from cellulose at C2 which has an acylated amino group. |
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Starch is composed of |
10-30% Amylose and 70-90% Amylopectin |
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Starch contains 2 types of Glc polymers |
10-30% Amylose and 70-90% Amylopectin |
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Cellulase breaks what kinds of bonds? |
(B1-->4) glycosidic bonds |
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Components of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) |
A common lipid A region A core oligosaccharide known as endotoxin An O-Specific Chain (main determinant of immunological activity) |
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Lectins |
Proteins that read sugar codes and mediate many biological responses |
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Selectins |
Plasma membrane lectins that mediate cell-cell adhesion Ex: neutrophil adhering and rolling in blood vessel to site of inflammation |
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The packing of fatty acids into aggregates depends on |
Degree of unsaturation (presence of cis double bonds) |
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Why are triacylglycerols aka triglycerides or fats a good source of energy? |
TAGs is the most reduced form of carbon in nature. Oxidation of TAG gives twice the amount of energy, gram for gram, compared to the oxidation of carbohydrates. |
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Ceramide |
A fatty acid joined to sphingosine in amide linkage Glycosphingolipids are ceramides with one or more sugars |
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Human blood groups are determined in part by |
Oligosaccharide head groups on glycosphingolipids |
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Bile acids |
Polar derivatives of cholesterol that act as detergents in the intestines. They emulsify fats to make them accessible to digestive lipases. |
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Cholesterol is composed of |
A hydrophilic OH head, four fused rings, and alkyl chain.
Steroids lack the alkyl chain on the D ring of cholesterol and are therefore more polar than cholesterol. |
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Phosphatidylserine PS |
When PS is moved from the inner leaflet to outer leaflet in erythrocytes, blood clotting occurs In all other cells, apoptosis occurs. |
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Phospholipase C |
Extracellular enzyme that cleaves GPI links |
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Flippase, Floppase, Scramblase |
Flippase (P-type ATPase) moves PE and PS from outer to inner leaflet using ATP.
Floppase (ABC transporter) moves phospholipids from inner to outer leaflet using ATP.
Scramblase moves lipids in either direction toward equilibrium. Does not require ATP, but uses Ca2+. |
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Lipid rafts are comprised of |
A large amount of cholesterol, sphingolipids, and GPI-anchored proteins. |
