Bio Lab Practical #3

Front 1

Phylum Chordata (5 common characteristics)

Back 1

1. notochord
2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3. pharyngeal gill slits
4. post-anal tail
5. endostyle

Front 2

Three subphyla of Chordata

Back 2

Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata

Front 3

Subphylum Urochordata

Back 3

Filter feeders:
1. Water passes through pharyngeal gill slits.
2. Tiny food particles are filtered and passed by cilia to stomach.

Front 4

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Back 4

Filter feeders:
1. Burrows tail into sand so mouth and tentacles, called cirri, are exposed.
2. water is drawn into mouth and tiny food particles are filtered in the pharynx and passed to intestine.
3. Excess water goes through atrial cavity via pharyngeal gill-slits and exits body through the atriopore.

Front 5

Atrium

Back 5

Chamber for excess water passing through gill slits

Front 6

Atriopore

Back 6

Opening to allow water to leave animal

Front 7

Paedomorphosis

Back 7

The retention of the juvenile form into adulthood.

Front 8

Phylum Vertebrata

Back 8

Increased size and mobility.
1. Cephalization
2. Crainum and vertebral column (replaces notochord)
3. Adaptations in circulatory and respiratory systems.

Front 9

Brain of perch

Back 9

Olfactory lobes (anterior), larger cerebrum behind, followed by large optic lobes.

Front 10

Tetrapods

Back 10

Animals with four limbs to support them on land.

Front 11

Amniotes

Back 11

Animals that lay shelled, water-filled eggs.

Front 12

Class Agnatha

Back 12

Lampreys

Front 13

Class Chondrichtyes

Back 13

Sharks and Rays

Front 14

Class Osteichtyes

Back 14

Bony fish (Perch)

Front 15

Class Amphibia

Back 15

Frogs, toads, mudpuppies, and salamanders. (First adaptations to life on land by chordates; legs for hopping)

Front 16

Class Reptilia

Back 16

Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles

Front 17

Amniotic Egg

Back 17

Shelled egg comes with its own watery environment releasing reptiles from a dependence on water for reproduction.

Front 18

Poikilothermic

Back 18

Amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic. They cannot regulate their body temperature internally.

Front 19

Class Aves

Back 19

Birds

Front 20

Class Mammalia

Back 20

Mammals

Front 21

Homeothermy/endothermy

Back 21

Modifications which help organisms regulate their body temperature without regard to the external environment.

Front 22

Chapter 18

Back 22

Vertebrate Anatomy

Front 23

Tissue

Back 23

Groups of similar, specialized cells that perform a common function.

Front 24

Four general types of tissue

Back 24

1. Epithelium
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Front 25

Neurons

Back 25

Cells that carry nervous impulses

Front 26

Chromatophores

Back 26

Pigment cells that give frog skin its characteristic color and pattern.

Front 27

Cornified Cells

Back 27

Consists of cells impregnated with the protein keratin.

Front 28

Keratin

Back 28

waterproofs and toughens cells, protecting the layers beneath from water loss and abrasion.

Front 29

Sebaceous glands

Back 29

Secretes sebum that keeps hair oily.

Front 30

Sweat Glands

Back 30

Water secretions from these glands help regulate body temperature by cooling the surface of the skin.

Front 31

Adipose Tissue

Back 31

"Chicken wire" Possess a large vacuole which is filled with fat

Front 32

External nares

Back 32

Frog nostril

Front 33

Tympanic membrane

Back 33

Frog ear

Front 34

Osteocytes

Back 34

Mature bone

Front 35

Hydroxyapatite

Back 35

A calcium salt

Front 36

Haversian systems

Back 36

Osteocytes arranged in concentric rings that form cylinders. These cylinders are called Haversian systems.

Front 37

Haversian canal

Back 37

Blood vessels and nerves run.

Front 38

Lacuna

Back 38

Small space that osteocytes occupy.

Front 39

Canaliculi

Back 39

Fine hair-like extensions from each lacuna.

Front 40

Skeletal Muscles

Back 40

Usually attached to bone

Front 41

Smooth muscles

Back 41

Involuntary muscles.

Front 42

Digestion of food

Back 42

Begins in stomach, completed in the anterior part of the intestine (the duodenum), and remainder of intestine (the jejunoileum) is involved with absorption of digested food.

Front 43

Colon

Back 43

Absorbs water and ions and delivers feces to the cloaca.

Front 44

Live

Back 44

Produces bile, which assists in digestion of fats.

Front 45

Gall Bladder

Back 45

stores Bile.

Front 46

Mesentery

Back 46

A memberane that holds organs in place.

Front 47

Pancreas

Back 47

Makes many digestive enzymes and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

Front 48

Cardiac muscle

Back 48

Muscle found only in the heart, like skeletal muscle cardiac muscle is striated, but striations look fainter.

Front 49

Intercalated discs

Back 49

Bind cells together tightly to prevent tearing of cardiac muscle and provides channels for ion flow between fibers

Front 50

Erythrocytes

Back 50

Carries oxygen

Front 51

Spleen

Back 51

Site of synthesis of new blood cells and destruction of worn out blood cells.

Front 52

Parietal Peritoneum

Back 52

The peritoneum that lines the body cavity

Front 53

Leukocytes

Back 53

White blood cells

Front 54

Ureter

Back 54

Carries urine to the urinary bladder

Front 55

Urinary Bladder

Back 55

A thin-walled sac behind colon.

Front 56

Neuroglial cells

Back 56

Numerous small cells among neurons

Front 57

Biotic factors

Back 57

Living components

Front 58

Abiotic factors

Back 58

Nonliving components

Front 59

Populations

Back 59

All the members of a given species that live in a particular location

Front 60

Community

Back 60

All of the organism populations living and interacting in a given environment

Front 61

Ecosystem

Back 61

The level of ecological study that includes the entire community along with its physical environment.

Front 62

Autotrophs

Back 62

Capture small portion of the sun's energy and uses it to manufacture all the organic nutrients for an ecosystem.

Front 63

Primary Producers

Back 63

Autotrophs are primary producers.

Front 64

Primary productivity

Back 64

The rate at which energy is stored as organic matter.

Front 65

Heterotrophs

Back 65

Cannot make their own food. Obtain energy from chemical bonds in food they eat.

Front 66

Primary consumer

Back 66

An organism that eats a producer

Front 67

Secondary consumer

Back 67

An organism that eats a primary consumer.

Front 68

Tertiary consumer

Back 68

Feeds on secondary consumers

Front 69

Trophic Level

Back 69

Relationship between what an organism eats and what is eaten

Front 70

Herbivore

Back 70

Obtain nutrients by eating primary producers (living algae and plants)

Front 71

Carnivores

Back 71

Feed on consumers and organisms that feed on both producers and consumers are classified as omnivores.

Front 72

Decomposers

Back 72

Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that degrade the remains of dead organisms into simpler materials.

Front 73

Detritivores

Back 73

Organisms such as insects, worms, and crustaceans that consume detritus.

Front 74

detritus

Back 74

Dead organic matter.

Front 75

Littoral zone

Back 75

The shallow region along the shore where light penetrates to the bottom.

Front 76

Limnetic zone

Back 76

Layer of open water ot the depth that light penetrates.

Front 77

Profundal zone

Back 77

The deep region beneath the limnetic zone where light does not penetrate. Many decomposers are found here.

Front 78

Surface film

Back 78

Provides habitat for many pond organisms.

Front 79

Species diversity

Back 79

The number of individual organisms present in the community to the number of species in that community.

Front 80

Species richness

Back 80

Number of different species in a community

Front 81

Relative abundance

Back 81

number of individuals among species.

Front 82

Simpson's Index

Back 82

Measures species dominance; the number of times one would have to take pairs of individuals at random to find a pair of the same species.