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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All of an organisms traits whether they are visible traits such as hair and eye color or non-visible traits such as blood type are controlled by ....
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genes
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gene
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specific region on the strand of DNA that controls a specific trait
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Chromosomes
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wound strands of DNA
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diploid
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they contain two sets of genetic information
-human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes total) |
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a pair of chromosomes is referred to as...
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homologous chromosome
-because both chromosomes have genes that code for the same trait - one of the chromosomes in each pair was inherited from the mother and the other from the father |
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Alleles
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different versions of genes
- while diploid cells have 2 copies of each gene, the copies may not be identical EX light hair and dark hair |
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The different alleles of a gene are not expressed equally. For each trait, one allele is usually _____ and the other _____.
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dominant
recessive - dominant is always expressed - recessive allele must be present in 2 copies to be expressed |
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AA or aa
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homozygous for that trait
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Aa
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heterozygous for that trait
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Genotype
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refers to the actual genetic make up of an individual
-the alleles that are present |
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Phenotype
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outward appearance of the individual, or what trait is expressed
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PTC (phenylthiocarbimide)
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chemical that tastes bitter to some people and is tasteless to others
-inherited - ability to taste PTC is a dominant trait over the non-taster |
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Blood types
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A B AB O
- determined by the presence of certain antigenes on the surface of their red blood cells |
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Color blindness
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located on the X
-normal condition is dominant over color-blind condition - females are phenotypically normal but are carriers |
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Enzymes
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are proteins that act like catalysts for chemical reactions within living cells
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Enzymes catalyze reactions by..
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by reducing the amount of energy need to start the reaction (the activation energy)
-allows reactions to take place at temperatures and reactant concentrations present in living cells |
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To catalyze a reaction, the enzyme must bind with the reactant, also called the____, to form an_____.
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substrate molecule
enzyme substrate complex |
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the complex breaks down realeasing the _____ and the ____ which is free to react with another substrate molecule.
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product molecule
enzyme |
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The region of the enzyme that bonds with a substrate molecule
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active site
- results in the unique 3D structure of the enzyme and usually fits only one substrate |
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Substrate specificity
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one particular enzyme usually catalyzes only one particular reaction
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denaturation
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normal shape of enzyme is lost
- results in active site and substrate no longer fit together properly and the enzyme loses the ability to catalyze reactions |
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Most enzymes work best within a narrow range of...
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temp and pH
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Inhibitors
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have ability to slow reactions
- bond with active site and block substrate molecule from joining - bond to anther portion of the enzyme and temp change its shape |
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catechol oxidase
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isolated from fresh potatoes
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benzoquinone
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brown product
-is produced when the substrate and enzyme are brought together due to cell damage -mild antimicrobial produced to slow or prevent bacterial or fungi |
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cuvette
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small test tube
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Vernier Lab Pro data acquisition system
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colorimeter
LabPro interface box computer running Logger Lab Pro software |
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Colorimeter
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led light source and light detector
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The out put of the detector is ___ that is proportional to the amount of ___ that passes through the sample.
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voltage
light - Percent transmittance (%T) |
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The computer transmittance value to an ______.
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absorbance value
-measure of the amount of light absorbed by the product molecules - absorbance and product concentration are directly proportional |
