Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Tutorial 1: what is taxonomy? |
the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms into similar groups |
|
|
Tutorial 1: what is a biological species? |
a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring |
|
|
Tutorial 1: what is nitrogen fixation? |
the process in which atmospheric nitrogen is transformed into compounds that plants and other organisms can use |
|
|
T1: What is the only group that can carry out nitrogen fixation? Give an example |
Certain prokaryotes. i.e. cyanobacteria |
|
|
T1: what structure on cyanobacteria works for nitrogen fixation? |
heterocysts |
|
|
T1: What does endosymbiosis involve? |
a host cell (organism) that engulfs a symbiont cell (organism) by phagocytosis |
|
|
T1: what theory explains the origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells? |
the endosymbiotic hypothesis |
|
|
T1: in what case would producing genetically identical offspring be of benefit to an organism? |
When the environment of the organism is very stable and they are well adapted to it |
|
|
T1: What does genetic variation allow for in a changing environment? |
it allows the possibility that some individuals would be able to survive to the different environmental conditions |
|
|
T1: why doe algae usually reproduce asexually? |
Because they live in fairly constant environments (i.e. temp fluctuates minimally, nutrient levels don't change much) |
|
|
T1: What are the two methods of asexual reproduction in algae? |
Daughter Colony Formation Sporulation |
|
|
T1: What is daughter colony formation? |
when miniature colonies (of colonial algae) are replicated, these replicated are termed 'daughter colonies' |
|
|
T1: What is sporulation? |
when an organism produces one or more reproductive cells inside its cell walls. The original cell is the sporangium and the new cells are the spores |
|
|
T1: Fertilization is aka ________________. The process of gamete formation is ____________. |
Syngamy Gametogenesis |
|
|
T1: what is isogamy? |
a form of sexual reproduction in which gametes produced are identical in shape, size, and motility, No structural distinction between males and females |
|
|
T1: What is heterogamy? |
a form of sexual reproduction in which gametes produced are different from each other. |
|
|
T1: what happens to the plasmodium of slime moulds if there aren't enough nutrients around for growth? |
The plasmodium could dry into a hard, resistant structure called a sclerotium and it would remain dormant till conditions improve. Or it could migrate to a more exposed area and enter its reproductive stage where it will produce fructifications (fruiting bodies). |
|
|
T1: what are the two types of fruiting bodies in plasmodial slime molds? |
sporangia and aethelia |
|
|
T1: Describe sporangia and aethelia? |
sporangia are usually at the tip of a stalk, while aethelia are relatively massive, single-chambered structures |
|
|
T1: describe the hyphae of phylum zygomycota |
it is haploid, aseptate (coenocytic), feeding hyphae |
|
|
T1: describe sexual reproduction in phylum zygomycota |
-involves two different mating strains (+ and -) -when two strains are in close proximity, hormones are produced that cause them to fuse into gametangia which become separated from the rest of the body by a septa (the gametangia are filled with haploid nuclei) -when the wall between the two gametangia breaks down, the haploid nuclei will mix together in the same chamber (plasmogamy) -the chamber becomes the zygospore -eventually the haploid nuclei will fuse (karyogamy) forming many diploid nuclei |
|
|
T1: What is an ascus and what is involved with? |
ascus is a sac-like structure that is characteristic of phylum ascomycota. It is involved with sexual reproduction |
|
|
T1: in what structure is the ascus formed? |
ascocarp, which is a complex structure composed of tightly interwoven hyphae |
|
|
T1: what is the name of the male and female gametangia produced in phylum ascomycota? |
Male= antheridia Female= ascogonia |
|
|
T1: Describe sexual reproduction in phylum ascomycota |
refer to page 163 |
|
|
T1: How does sexual reproduction take place in yeasts? |
it occurs when either two cells or two ascospores unite and form a diploid zygote. The zygotes may produce asexual buds or may undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid nuclei. The whole single cell acts as the ascus |
|
|
T1: what is the name of the ascocarp in the cup fungi? |
apothecium, the asci is arranged in an exposed layer |
|
|
T1: How are spores dispersed from apothecia? |
at maturity, the thousands of asci on the surface of the cup will develop hydrostatic pressure, if the cup is distrubed, the asci rapture releasing thousands of ascospores which can then be carried by the wind. |
|
|
T1: what does sexual reproduction in basidiomycota always involve? |
the formation of a basidium |
|
|
T1: What is the name of the structure in which the basidium is produced? |
basidiocarp, it is a complex structure composed of tightly interwoven hyphae |
|
|
T1: what is the most known example of phylum basidiomycota? |
mushrooms |
|
|
T1: what does the basidiocarp consist of? |
a stout stalk bearing a cap (pileus) from which the lamellae (gills) hang down |
|
|
T1: Describe sexual reproduction in phylum basidiomycota. |
when two haploid sexually compatible mating strands (+ and -) grow close to one another, the hyphae fuse (plasmogamy) and the two haploid nuclei will move into the resulting cell, this forms a dikaryotic cell. The cell will continue to divide, forming a chain of dikaryotic hyphae |
|
|
T1: in basidiomycota, the terminal cells of the dikaryotic hyphae form ______________. |
basidium |
|
|
T1: What happens when the basidium forms? |
the terminal cell of the dikaryotic hyphae swells and the two haploid nuclei fuse (karyogamy). |
|
|
T1: where do basidiospore come from ? |
the basidium |
|
|
T1: what gives puffballs their name? |
a puff of spores is released from these fungi when a raindrop strikes its outer leathery covering |
|
|
T1: what effect have downy mildews had on plant crops in the past? |
it caused the potato famine in Ireland, as it turns the stems of the potatoes into a black slime. |
|
|
T1: what is a parasitic fungus? |
a type of fungus in which feeds off of a living organism but does not benefit the organism in any way at all |
|
|
T1: when would a relationship be considered mutualistic in fungus? |
when the organism that the fungus feeds on gets some sort of benefits as well. There are mutual benefits |
|
|
P2: In terrestrial plants, what is the name of the egg-producing gametangia? And the sperm-producing? |
Eggs in archegonia sperm in antheridia |
|
|
P2: what does fitness refer to for plants? |
the ability to produce the greatest number of offspring that live to reproduce themselves. |
|
|
P2: What is the phylum name for mosses? |
Phylum Bryophyta |
|
|
P2: what is the dominant generation in the bryophytes? |
The gametophyte generation |
|
|
P2: Describe the main form of asexual reproduction in the bryophytes. |
Fragmentation: any part of the gametophyte plant is capable of regenerating the protonemal phase followed by a mature gametophyte, only if environmental conditions are favourable. |
|
|
P2: Describe the structural difference between male and female mature gametophytes in the mosses. |
-Male gametophytes: the leaves at the top are arranged in a cup shaped structure -Female gametophyte: all the leaves just stick straight up. |
|
|
P2: where can the gametangia for the mosses be found? |
at the top of the gametophytes among the leaves |
|
|
P2: Describe the structure that grows out of the mature gametophyte in mosses, following fertilization. |
The sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte and it is a long stalk, called a seta. The place where it attaches to the gametophyte is called the foot |
|
|
P2: Why is the seta of the mosses long? |
it aids in wind dispersal by elevating the spore-bearing structure above the clump of mosses |
|
|
P2: what purpose does the operculum serve? |
the operculum serves as a protective cap to protect the spores until they are mature and ready to be dispersed. When the spores are mature, the operculum will fall off and allow the spores to be dispersed |
|
|
p2: what structure does the operculum belong to? |
the operculum is at the top of the seta in the sporophyte of the mosses. |
|
|
P2: what structure is characteristic of the early stages of the gametophyte generation in mosses? |
the green, filamentous protonema |
|
|
P2: what is the phylum name for ferns? |
Phylum Pterophyta |
|
|
P2: what is the dominant generation in ferns? |
Sporophyte generation |
|
|
P2: what is a sorus? |
A cluster of sporangium |
|
|
P2: Describe the asexual reproduction in ferns |
occurs through the extensive spreading and branching of rhizomes |
|
|
P2: Describe sexual reproduction in ferns. |
refer to pages 63-65 |
|
|
p2: Where are sori found in ferns? |
on the underside of the mature sporophyte leaf. It contains clusters of spore-producing sporangium. |
|
|
p2: what is the dominant stage in flowering plants? |
sporophyte |
|
|
P2: What is the resistant structure present in flowering plants? |
the seed, it is multi-cellular and quite complex and has a protective coat |
|
|
P2: what do ferns and mosses rely on for sperm dispersal? How did flowering plants adapt so that they don't have the same reliance? |
the presence of water so that the flagellate sperm can swim from the antheridia to archegonia. Flowering plants developed pollen grains which are hard, resistant structure that can be dispersed by wind or animals |
|
|
P2: List the various types of asexual reproduction in flowering plants and give examples of each |
1. Rhizomes: plants produce underground stems (rhizomes) which could give rise to new above ground shoots (ex. ferns, bamboos) 2. Tubers: develop when specialized stem branches grow down into the ground and swell up with starch-containing cells (ex. potatoes) 3. Runners (Stolons): horizontally growing stems, they produce adventitious roots down into the soil and new above ground shoots (ex. strawberries) 4. Plantlets: produce miniature plants on the margin of the leaves that then drop off and develop into mature plants 5. Bulbs: short stem surrounded by fleshy leaves, the shoot apex begins to grow using the nutrients stored in the leaves (ex. onions) 6. Corms: swollen stem, no storage leaves |
|
|
P2: The reproductive organ of the flower is part of the ________________ generation. |
sporophyte |
|
|
P2: what are the flower reproductive structures that contain the sporangia? |
male reproductive structure: stamen female reproductive structure: carpel (pistil) |
|
|
P2: what are the names of the male and female sporangia in flowering plants? |
female sporangium: megasporangium male sporangium: microsporangium |
|
|
P2: describe microsporangium and the processes that take place within it |
Microsporangium contain many microsporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid microspores. Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce two nuclei that become encased in a thick wall thus forming the pollen grain. |
|
|
P2: what are the two types of nuclei that result from the microspore undergoing mitosis? What is the purpose of each? |
Generative nucleus and Tube nucleus. The tube nucleus produces the pollen tube, penetrating the stigma and growing through the style until it reaches the ovary. The generative nucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two sperm nuclei. |
|
|
P2: Describe the megasporangium and the divisions it undergoes. |
Each megasporangium contains one megasporocyte that undergoes meiosis producing 4 haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores disintegrate and the remaining megaspore will divide mitotically three times |
|
|
P2: what is pollination? |
when pollen is transported to the surface of the flower's stigma |
|
|
P2: Describe the process of the tube nucleus in flowering plants |
The pollen tube fuses with the embryo sac and releases the two sperm nuclei into the sac. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form a zygote. The other sperm will fuse with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm nucleus that is capable of dividing quickly and nourishing the developing zygote. |
|
|
p2: an ovule with a zygote is termed a __________. |
Seed |
|
|
P2: In flowering plants: sperm nuclei + egg = sperm nuclei + polar nuclei= |
zygote endosperm nucleus |
|
|
P2: In a flowering plant, when the megaspore divides my mitosis three times, it forms ________ |
the embryo sac containing the egg nucleus and the 2 polar nuclei along with 3 antipodal nuclei and 2 synergid nuclei |
|
|
P2: What are the stages of embryo development in the seeds of flowers? |
1. Pro-Embryo Stage 2. Globular Stage 3. Heart-Shaped Stage 4. Torpedo Stage 5. Mature Embryo |
|
|
P2: What happens in the pro-embryo stage of embryo development? |
suspensor (column cells) push the embyro into the endosperm |
|
|
P2: What happens in the globular stage of embryo development? |
cell division of the pro-embryo |
|
|
P2: What happens in the Heart-shaped stage of embryo development? |
division of globular stage produces bilateral symmetry and two cotyledons forming the heart-shaped embryo. Enlarging cotyledons store digested food from the endosperm |
|
|
P2: What happens in the torpedo stage of embryo development? |
the cotyledons elongate |
|
|
P2: what are cotyledons? |
seed leaves that stores nutrients for growing embryos |
|
|
P2: what part of the seed will grow into the above ground structures of the plant (stem, leaves, flowers) |
epicotyl |
|
|
P2: How do fruits aid in seed dispersal? |
fleshy fruits are often eaten and then when they are defecated in the animal's feces, there they spread. |
|
|
T2: what is plant morphology? |
the gross or entire structure of a plant (size and shape of leaves, types of root systems, etc) |
|
|
T2: what are the four organs that plants have? |
leaves, stems, roots, and reproductive organs (cones or flowers) |
|
|
T2: what are the functions of the four plant organs? |
Leaves: maximize the processes of light absorption and photosynthesis Stem: help photosynthesis by elevating the plant high into the air to catch more sunlight Root: anchor the plant and absorb the water and minerals from the soil Flowers or Cones: maximize reproduction |
|
|
T2: what are meristems? |
domes of rapidly dividing cells |
|
|
T2: where can the two apical meristems be found on a plant? |
one at the tip of each above ground shoot (which produce cells of the stems and leaves); and another at the tip of each underground root (which produce all the root tissues) |
|
|
T2: cells produced by apical meristems develop into one of three basic tissues, which are: |
fundamental tissue, epidermal tissue, or vascular tissue |
|
|
T2: describe the epidermal tissue? |
the epidermal tissue is one cell-layer thick (but may be thicker), the epidermal cells have large vacuoles and small cytoplasm. |
|
|
T2: What is the waxy, water-resistant substance that is secreted by epidermal cells called? |
cuticle |
|
|
T2: what are the two principle types of vascular tissue? Give the function of each |
Xylem: transport of water and other dissolved substances upward in the plant body Phloem: transport of water and carbohydrates upward and downward in the plant body |
|
|
T2: what are the four types of cells in xylem |
Tracheid cells (in ferns), and vessel elements (along with tracheid cells both in flowering plants). Also, paranchyma and sclerenchyma cells |
|
|
T2: which of the xylem cells is the only one that is living? Why? |
paranchyma cells are the only living cells because the nuclei and cytoplasm of tracheid cells, vessel elements and sclerenchyma cels all disintegrate at maturity |
|
|
T2: what are the conducting cells in phloem called? |
sieve elements, they arrange in a vertical series to form a sieve tube |
|
|
T2: Phloem sieve tubers retain their nuclei at maturity but their cytoplasm disintegrates. True or False |
False- they retain their cytoplasm but their nuclei disintegrates at maturity |
|
|
T2: What are the functions of fundamental tissues? What are the representative cells of this tissue? |
protection, conduction, storage, support, photosythensis. Representative cells include: parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma |
|
|
T2: what are the characteristics of parenchyma cells in fundamental tissue? |
-most common type of cell -contain leucoplasts which storage starch -large and possess thin walls |
|
|
T2: which cells function as structural support in fundamental tissue? Why? |
sclerenchyma, because they have thick walls that are rigid |
|
|
T2: the cells (in the fundamental group) that allow the plant to bend without breaking and be flexible are.. |
collenchyma |
|
|
T2: how have fern advanced over mosses? |
through the evolution of vascular tissue (which allows rapid, long distance transport of materials) and true roots (which allow for absorption of water and nutrients from soil) |
|
|
T2: What are fiddleheads? |
young, coiled fronds of ferns |
|
|
T2: describe the structural components of a fern leaf |
-upper and lower epidermis -cuticle layer on the epidermis - large green cells inside the parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts -stomata- small holes in the epidermis which allow CO2 and O2 |
|
|
T2: what are the different parts of flowering plants? |
-Nodes: regions of the stem from which leaves, buds, and branches arise -Internodes: regions of the stem between nodes -Terminal Buds: tips of the stem and branches -Axillary or Lateral Buds: located in the axis of the leaves, may give rise to lateral branches -Blade (petiole): specific parts of a leaf -Primary Roots: first roots produced by the plant -Secondary Roots -Root Tips: last few millimetres of the root |
|
|
T2: what are the three main functions of roots? |
anchorage, storage, absorption |
|
|
T2: what are the three types of roots? |
-Tap: prominentmain root directed vertically downward -Fibrous: have long, slender roots of about equal size with many secondary and tertiary roots off the main roots -Adventitous: arise from an organ in the plant other than the primary root |
|
|
T2: Be able to identify the xylem, phloem, pericycle, and epidermis on a root cross-section |
refer to picture in powerpoint |
|
|
T2: what are the different functions of the stem in flowering plants? |
-mechanical support for the leaves, flowers, and fruits - furnishes a path for conduction -may act as a storage organ for products of photosynthesis and water |
|
|
T2: what do leaves function for? |
Photosynthesis |
|
|
T2: Describe the cell structure of leaves. |
The outermost layer of cells is the epidermis. The interior of the leaf is called the mesophyll; the upper region of the mesophyll is the palisade mesophyll and the lower region is the spongy mesophyll) |
|
|
T2: what are the two cells that are around stomata in leaves; what is their function? |
Guard cells. regulate the exchange of gases for the photosynthetic process |
|
|
T2: what kind of cells make up the spongy and palisade mesophyll in leaves? |
collenchyma cells |
|
|
T2: what are some examples of succulents? |
cactus, alove vera, agave |
