Bio Lab Exam #1

Front 1

light microscopy

Back 1

involves the use of visible light and glass lenses to magnify and observe a specimen

Front 2

field of view

Back 2

is the circle that you see as you look into the microscope

Front 3

total magnification

Back 3

ocular magnification X objective magnification

Front 4

parcentric

Back 4

as you move from one lens to another the specimen should remain in the center of the field of view

Front 5

coverslip

Back 5

the thin glass that is placed on top of a specimen

Front 6

iris diaphragm

Back 6

increases and decreases light

Front 7

When you switch from a low-power objective lens (for example 4x) to a higher-power objective lens (for example, 10x), what happens to the working distance between the lens and coverslip?

Back 7

distance is decreased

Front 8

when you change from a low-power to high-power, what happens to field of view

Back 8

increases

Front 9

when should you use the low-power lens one the microscope?

Back 9

when you want a larger view of the field.

Front 10

phagocytosis

Back 10

when lysosomes digest material with hydrolytic enzymes

Front 11

zygote

Back 11

first cell

Front 12

prophase

Back 12

-chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
-nuclear membrane disappears
-spindle apparatus forms
-nucleolus disappears

Front 13

metaphase

Back 13

chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

Front 14

anaphase

Back 14

-chromosomes split and daughter chromosomes migrate to poles
-(cytokinesis can begin)

Front 15

telophase

Back 15

-Chromosomes reach poles and nuclear membrane reforms
-chromosomes unwind to chromatin, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm
-nucleolus reappears

Front 16

histology

Back 16

the study of tissues

Front 17

four main types of tissue

Back 17

-epithelial
-connective
-muscular
-nervous

Front 18

matrix

Back 18

extracellular material

Front 19

cell shapes

Back 19

-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar

Front 20

number of layers

Back 20

-simple=single
-stratified=more than one layer

Front 21

4 types of simple epithelia

Back 21

-simple squamous epithelium
-simple cuboidal epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
-pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 22

simple squamous epithelium

Back 22

-single layer of flat cells
-in lungs, inside of heart and blood vessels
-diffusion and smooth lining, secretion of serous fluid

Front 23

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 23

small cubes or wedge-shaped cells in single layer
-kidney tubules and liver
-absorption and secretion

Front 24

simple columnar epithelium

Back 24

-tall cells in one layer, with nuclei usually in basal part of cell
-from stomach to intestines
-absorption and secretion

Front 25

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 25

-looks stratified but all cells arise from basement membrane, often ciliated
-respiratory passages
-secretion of mucus and trapping dust particles, moving them away from lungs

Front 26

types of stratified epithelia

Back 26

-stratified squamous epithelium
-transitional epithelium

Front 27

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 27

-many layers, cells cuboidal but flattened toward surface
-epidermis, oral cavity, vagina
-resists abrasion, prevents microbial infections, retards water loss in skin

Front 28

transitional epithelium

Back 28

-many layers with tear-drop shaped cells that do not flatten toward surface
-urinary bladder
-allows stretching of urinary bladder

Front 29

desosomes

Back 29

specific regions held together

Front 30

gap junctions

Back 30

connect one cell to another

Front 31

tight junctions

Back 31

hold the cells and seal them off from the extracellular fluid near the apical surface

Front 32

types of muscular tissue

Back 32

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

Front 33

neuron

Back 33

receives and transmits electrochemical impulses

Front 34

special cells of the nervous system

Back 34

glial cells

Front 35

skeletal muscle

Back 35

-large cells with many nuclei and obvious striations
-skeletal muscles of body
-voluntary contractions

Front 36

cardiac muscles

Back 36

-smaller, branched cell with one nucleus, intercalated discs and less obvious striations
-heart
-unvoluntary, rhythmic contractions of the heart

Front 37

smooth muscles

Back 37

-small, slender cell with one central nucleus and no striations
-digstive tract, uterus
-sustained contractions, propulsion of food or delivery of infant

Front 38

nervous tissue

Back 38

-large star-shaped cells (neurons in brain and spinal cord) with smaller cells (glial cells) nearby
-brain, spinal cord (nerves and ganglia)
-transmission of information, assimilation

Front 39

main types of connective tissue

Back 39

-fibrous connective tissue
-supportive connective tissue
-fluid connective tissue

Front 40

types of fibrous connective tissue

Back 40

-dense connective tissue
-loose connective tissue

Front 41

types of dense connective tissues

Back 41

-dense regular connective tissue
-dense irregular connective tissue
-elastic connective tissue

Front 42

types of loose connective tissues

Back 42

-reticular connective tissue
-areola connective tissue
-adipose tissue

Front 43

types of supportive connective tissue

Back 43

-bone marrow
-cartilage
-bone

Front 44

type of cartilage

Back 44

-hyaline cartilage
-fibrocartilage
-elastic cartilage

Front 45

types of fluid connective tissue

Back 45

blood

Front 46

dense regular connective tissue

Back 46

-closely packed, wavy collagen fibers (or elastic fibers in the case of elastic connective tissues)
-tendons, ligaments
-binds bones together or muscles to bone

Front 47

dense irregular connective tissue

Back 47

-randomly appearing collection of densely clustered collagen fibers
- dermis, sheaths, around cartilage and bone
-provides strength and resists stress and strain against tearing

Front 48

reticular conective tissue

Back 48

-reticular fibers forming meshwork around organ cells
-spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
-provides internal skeleton (framework) for soft organs

Front 49

areolar connective tissues

Back 49

-scattered arrangement of collagenous fibers with elastic and reticular fibers along with many cells
-attaches epithelia to lower layers, around many internal organs
-binds epithelia to lower layers, insulates organs from infections

Front 50

adipose tissue

Back 50

-large, pale, open cells with nuclei near periphery of cell
-under skin, breast tissue, outside of heart and kidney
-energy storage, physical protection

Front 51

hyaline cartilage

Back 51

-usually light blue or pink stained matrix, frequently with pairs of cells appearing like 'eyes'
-ends of long bones, ribs, larynx, trachea
-reduces friction at joints, keeps air passages open

Front 52

fibrocartilage

Back 52

-numerous collagen fibers, cells frequently in rows of four or five
-symphysis pubis, intervertebral disc
-protects from wear and tear at weight-bearing or stressed joints

Front 53

elastic cartilage

Back 53

-netlike pattern of fibers around chondrocytes
-external ear, epiglottis
-provides flexible framework

Front 54

bone

Back 54

-cells enclosed in calcium salts in concentric circles
-skeleton
-protection of soft organs, locomotion along with muscles, scaffold for body

Front 55

blood

Back 55

-many cells, most with no nucleus, suspended in plasma
-heart and blood vessels
-transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, water and other material throughout the body