Bio Exam 4

Front 1

1. From what sciences do we draw evidence to support current theories about the origins of life?

Back 1

1. Geology

2. Physics

3. Astronomy

4. Genetics

5. Comparative anatomy

6. Taxonomy

Front 2

According to astrophysicists, how long ago do we think the “Big Bang” occurred?

Back 2

1. 12-15 bya

Front 3

When do we think the Earth was formed?

Back 3

1. 4.6 bya

Front 4

1. What was Earth’s early atmosphere made of? What evidence do we have?

Back 4

1. Hot toxic mix that did not contain oxygen

2. Radiometric dating

3. Experiment two scientist did (miller and urey)

Front 5

1. About how old are the first bits of evidence of life on Earth?

Back 5

1. About 3.8 bya

Front 6

1. What type of living things were the first to appear in the evidence we have right now? Think in general terms (What domain?)

Back 6

Bacteria

Front 7

1. Why are Stromatolites important in the development of life? (What process are stromatolites the oldest known example of?)

Back 7

1. Oldest known fossil.

2. Did not need oxygen

Front 8

~How long ago did the first eukaryotic organisms appear?

Back 8

1. long ago did the first eukaryotic organisms appear?

18000 mya

Front 9

1. What habitat were all living things found until about 450 million years ago?

Back 9

1. In the oceans

Front 10

1. What were the earlier land organisms that we know of?

Back 10

Dinosaurs

Front 11

1. Did humans and dinosaurs live at the same time? How do we know?

Back 11

1. No

2. Age of reptile, atmosphere no oxygen, meteor.

Front 12

1. What event at the end of the Cretaceous Era caused a mass extinction of about 80% of species, including dinosaurs?

Back 12

K-T asteroid impact

Front 13

List a few species that thrived during the “Age of Mammals.”

Back 13

Elephants, some birds, wild dogs (like wolves)

Front 14

When did modern humans first appear in the fossil record?

Back 14

4-8 mya

Front 15

What are the three “Domains” of living things? Describe the differences between each of these domains.

Back 15

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya

i. Eukaryotic cells

ii. 4 kingdoms

1. protists, plants, fungi, animals.

Front 16

1. List the eight levels of our taxonomy system, from largest to smallest.

Back 16

1. Domain, King, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genes, Species

Front 17

1. Which two levels in this system are used as the “scientific name?”

Back 17

1. Genes and species

Front 18

1. Define “species.”

Back 18

When they mate and produce fertile offspring

Front 19

Describe the difference between “Eukaryotic” and “Prokaryotic.”

Back 19

1. Eukaryotic has a nucleus- more complex

2. Prokaryotic does not have a nucleus- bacteria

Front 20

1. Which domains are prokaryotic? Which are eukaryotic?

Back 20

1. Bacteria, and archaea are prokaryotic

2. Eukarya is eukaryotic

Front 21

1. What are the four “Kingdoms” of Eukaryotes?

Back 21

1. Protists, plants, fungi, animals

Front 22

1. For each of these four kingdoms, list the major traits that are used to assign species to their respective kingdoms.

Back 22

1. Protists

2. Plants

3. Fungi

4. Animals

i. Symmetry

ii. Arrangement of tissues and cavities

iii. Segmentation

iv. Developmental patterns

v. Complexity of the gut

Front 23

1. Why are viruses considered “non-living?”

Back 23

No cell

Front 24

1. How do viruses reproduce?

Back 24

1. They cannot reproduce on their own. Attaches itself to a host and injects its DNA and RNA

Front 25

1. List some examples of viruses? What kind of treatment can we use with viruses?

Back 25

1. Influenza, cold, herpes, chicken pox, polio, HPV, HIV, Hep. B and C.

2. Vaccines, drugs.

Front 26

1. List the two Domains of bacteria. What characteristics do BOTH of these domains share? What structures are found in ALL bacteria?

Back 26

1. Bacteria, Achaea

2. Can live almost anywhere and eat almost anything

3. Microbes live in nearly every kind of environment, including water at temps up to 650 deg. F.

4. Eubacteria, fatty acides in plasma membrane, cell wall.

Front 27

1. What traits are used to classify Eubacteria into subgroups?

Back 27

Shape

Front 28

What are the shapes of bacteria called? Draw or identify simple diagrams of each shape.

Back 28

1. Coccus

2. Bacillus

3. Spirillum

i. Spiral Shaped

Front 29

1. List some examples of pathogenic Eubacteria. How do we treat bacterial illnesses?

Back 29

1. Staphylococcus

2. Streptococcus

3. The Gram-Negative Bacilli

4. Treated with antibiotics

Front 30

1. What major beneficial ecological role do bacteria play?

Back 30

1. Decomposition

Front 31

1. List some USEFUL types of bacteria or the products we make from them.

Back 31

1. Normal flora of mouth, intestines

2. Skin bacteria – fight off fingi

3. Used to create medicines

4. Food products such as yogurt, cheese, sour cream, vinegar.

Front 32

1. What are the different types of extremophile Archaea?

Back 32

1. Halophile

2. Thermophile

3. Methanogens

i. Bacteria that create methane gas and have a weird version of respiration

1. Found in stagnant swamps, gut of some animals

Front 33

1. Which organelles evolved by infolding of the plasma membrane?

Back 33

Prokaryotes

Front 34

1. What is the only trait that is shared by all members of the Kingdom Protista?

Back 34

1. All are eukaryotic

Front 35

1. What are some other traits of MOST or SOME protists?

Back 35

1. Most are unicellular

2. Some are autotrophs (make own food) but many are heterotrophs (eat other organisms to survive)

3. Some are mobile

Front 36

1. What characteristic of Protists do we use to classify them into subgroups?

Back 36

1. Method of movement

Front 37

1. List the subgroups of Protists

Back 37

1. Flagellates, Ciliates, phytoplankton, amoebozoans,shelled amoeba, dinoflagellates, algae.

Front 38

1. Know the key traits of each group of protists, and some examples

Back 38

1. Flagellates

2. Ciliates

3. Phytoplankton

4. Shelled Amoeba

5. Dinoflagellates

6. Algae

i. Multicellular, but protist like

ii. Important to aquatic habitats, three main groups: brown, green, red.

Front 39

1. Which group of protists gave rise evolutionarily to the land plants?

Back 39

algae

Front 40

1. Recognize some examples of protist groups by their visible traits.

Back 40

1. Flagellates

2. Ciliates

3. Phytoplankton

4. Amoebozoans

5. Shelled Amoebas

6. Dinoflagellates

7. Algae

Brown, green, red

Front 41

1. What are the traits that all or nearly all fungi share?

Back 41

1. Multicellular

Front 42

1. How do fungi reproduce?

Back 42

1. By releasing spores

Front 43

1. What characteristics are used to classify fungi into their subgroups?

Back 43

1. How they carry their spores

Front 44

1. What are the two main parts of a fungus’ “body?”

Back 44

1. Mycelium

2. Fruiting body

i. Temporary structure that produces spores

Front 45

1. Which of these parts is the MAIN body of the fungus?

Back 45

1. Mycelium

Front 46

list examples, main characteristics and uses of

1. Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

Back 46

i. Fruiting body contains club shaped structure on which spores from

ii. Ex.) Mushroom, portobellow, button

iii. Puffball

iv. Bracket (shelf) fungi

Front 47

list examples, main characteristics and uses of

1. Zygomycota (Thread-like Fungi)

Back 47

i. Thread like fungi

ii. Spores on ends of threads

iii. Ex.) Molds, Mildew, and athletes foot.

Front 48

list examples, main characteristics and uses of

1. Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

Back 48

i. Yeast

ii. The most commercially useful of the fungi

iii. Products: breads, alcohol production, medicines

Front 49

1. List some pathogenic fungi.

Back 49

1. Ringworm, athletes foot

Front 50

1. What ecological roles do fungi play?

Back 50

1. Decomposers, control bacteria growth and nematodes

Front 51

1. Name the group of organisms that are actually a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus!

Back 51

1. Lickens

Front 52

What are the traits that all plants have in common?

Back 52

1. All are Eukaryotic

2. Multicellular

3. Autotrophic

4. Reproduce using “alternating generations”

Front 53

1. What does “alternating generations mean in relation to plant reproduction?

Back 53

1. Plants use both sexual and asexual reproduction

i. Sporophyte

1. Generation that makes spores (asexual)

ii. Gametophyte

1. Generation that makes gametes (sexual)

Front 54

1. What are vascular tissues in plants, and what do they do?

Back 54

1. Tubes that carry materials
2. Provides strength for growing vertically

3. Lets all parts of plant get water and food
4.

Front 55

1. Bryophytes

Back 55

i. Seedless nonvascular plants, short (less than 3 inches), live in wet habitats, mosses, gametophyte is the dominant stage, reproduce using spores.

Front 56

1. Pteridophytes

Back 56

i. Seedless vascular plants, produce spores but no seeds, spore is their reproductive structure, 4 main groups. Horsetails, club moss, ferns, whisk, fern, whisk fern. Sporophyte is the largest stage, no true root. Ferns, club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails. Plant divisions (like phyla) shared traits multicellular, autotrophic, reproduce using alternating generations.

Front 57

1. Gymnosperms

Back 57

i. Conifers, or naked seeds. Seed producing, produce cones for reproduction, ovules form on exposed surfaces within the strovili (femaile chromosomes)

Front 58

1. Angiosperms

Back 58

i. Flowering plants, most diverse plant group, part of the flower becomes the fruit, flowers attract pollinators, and have covered seeds.

ii. Monocots, dicots, and eutocots

iii. Covered seeds, sporophytes stage is dominant

Front 59

1. How does reproduction in Bryophytes and Pteridophytes differ from reproduction in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

Back 59

1.

Gymnosperms and Andiosperms have seeds and bryophytes and pteridophytes do not

Front 60

1. Arrange the four divisions of plants in order from simplest to most complex.

Back 60

1. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Front 61

1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
2. Presence or absence of vascular tissue.

Back 61

i. The simplest plants (seedless plants) have no vascular tissue. More complex plants have it.

Front 62

1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
2.

Height

Back 62

Get taller

Front 63

1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
2.

Habitat

Back 63

i. More diverse and variety leads to more complex

Front 64

1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
2.

Size of the Sporophyte stage

Back 64

i. Increases from mosses to angiosperms

ii. It is the largest stage.

iii. More complex, bigger it gets

Front 65

1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
2.

Size of the Gametophyte stage

Back 65

i. Size of the stage decreases as it gets more complex

Front 66

1.

Presence or absence of seeds

Back 66

i. More complex it gets the more the seeds are covered

ii. Start with no seeds, moves all the way to covered seeds.

Front 67

1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
2.

Method of pollination (in seed plants)

Back 67

i. Asexual to pollination from outside the plant.

Front 68

1. Why are vascular plants able to grow taller than nonvascular plants?

Back 68

1. Has vascular tissue that transports water up the tubes to a plant to allow it to grow vertically.

Front 69

Can you explain WHY these plants have been so successful and have taken so many different shapes? (Hint – think about the connection between “diversity” and sexual reproduction.)

Back 69

a. Flowers became the most reliable method to ensure reproduction and increase diversity

b. Huge adaptive radiation of plants

Front 70

uses or products of

1. Bryophytes

Back 70

i. Monitor pollution

ii. Used in pharmaceutical products

iii. Used in household products

Front 71

uses or products of

pteridophytes

Back 71

i. For house decorations and office decorations

ii. Ferns

Front 72

uses or products of

1. Gymnosperms

Back 72

i. Christmas trees

ii. Some hardwoods

iii. Pinenuts, primary source of lumber, and paper

iv. Some medical uses, terpentine

Front 73

uses or products of

1. Angiosperms

Back 73

i. Fruit, food.

Front 74

1. Among angiosperms, we classify plants into three groups: Magnolids, Eudicots, and Monocots. What are the key differences between monocots and dicots?

Back 74

1. Monocots have one seed leaf, and petals are in groups of 3

2. Dicots have 2 seed leaves, and petals are in groups of 4 or 5

Front 75

1.

Back 75

1. Multi-celled

2. Heterotrophs

3. Mobile for at least part of their life cycle

4. Sexual reproduction. Sometime asexual.

Front 76

1. What 5 traits are used to classify animals into Phyla?

Back 76

1. Symmetry

2. Arrangement of tissues and cavities

3. Segmentation

4. Developmental patterns

5. Complexity of the gut

Front 77

Radial

Back 77

Only have a top and a bottom

Front 78

Bilateral

Back 78

Hear, body, tail

Front 79

Pseudocoelomate

Back 79

Have a body cavity with no connections

Front 80

Coelomate

Back 80

Defined cavity with connective lining

Front 81

Segmentation

Back 81

Equal division of body parts

Front 82

Protostome

Back 82

Mouth develops first

Front 83

Deuterstome

Back 83

First opening is the anus

Front 84

Incomplete digestive system

Back 84

Only one opening

Front 85

Complete digestive system

Back 85

Two openings

Front 86

Porifera

Back 86

i. Sponges

ii. Asymmetrical

iii. No cavities

iv. No nervouse system

v. Sexual and asexual reproduction

vi. Ex.) Grantia, basket sponge

Front 87

1. Cnidaria

Back 87

i. Cnidaria

ii. Jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones

iii. Incomplete digestive system

iv. Acoelomate

v. Simple nervous system

vi. Alternating generations

Front 88

1. Platyhelminthes

Back 88

i. Flatworms

ii. Ex.) Planarians (free-living), Tapeworms, flukes

iii. Acoelomate

iv. Asexual reproduction

v. First with cephalization (sensory cells in head)

vi. Incomplete digestive system

Front 89

1. Rotifera

Back 89

i. Roundworms

ii. Bilateral

iii. Complete digestive system

iv. Ex.) Heartworm, hookworm, pinworm

Front 90

1. Annelida

Back 90

i. Segmented worms

ii. Earthworms and leeches

iii. Multicelled

iv. Mobil part of their life

v. Ex.) Leeches

Front 91

1. Mollusca

Back 91

i. Soft animals

ii. Clams, squids, snails,

iii. Bilateral symmetry

Front 92

1. Nemotoda

Back 92

i. Roundworms

ii. Heartworm

iii. No segments

iv. Complete digestive system

v. Pseudocoelomate

vi. Bilateral protostomes

Front 93

1. Arthropoda

Back 93

i. Insects

ii. Ants, flies

iii. Coelomates with segments

iv. Complete digestion

v. Sexual reproduction

vi. Most diverse

Front 94

1. Echinodermata

Back 94

i. Complete digestion

ii. Non segmented

iii. Coelomate

iv. Bilateral symmetry

Front 95

1. Which Phylum of Animals includes the most species?

Back 95

arthopods

Front 96

1. What percentage of animals are in arthopods?

Back 96

80%

Front 97

1. What are the 4 characteristics of the phylum Chordata?

Back 97

· Notochord (becomes our spine)

· Dorsal hollow nerve chord (the nervous system)

· Pharynx with gill slits (respiratory system)

· A tail extending past the anus

Front 98

1. What is the difference between a Craniate and a Vertebrate?

Back 98

1. Craniate

2. Vertebrates

i. Bony segments

1. Back bone, jaws, fins and other limbs

Front 99

1. List a couple of examples of Craniates

Back 99

1. Hagfish, lamprey, cartilage fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Front 100

1. Jawless Fish (hagfish)

Back 100

simplest modern craniate

Front 101

Cartilage fish

Back 101

Vertebrates

Streamline body

>Sharks

Front 102

Bony Fish

Back 102

Most diverse

First tetrapods

>lung fish

Front 103

Amphibians

Back 103

Carnivorous vertebrates

Adapted to life on land

>Frogs and Toads

Front 104

Reptiles

Back 104

Amniotic eggs

Movement away from water

>Crocodiles, lizards, dinosaurs

Front 105

Birds

Back 105

Reptile traits, plus feathers

Endothermic

>Parrots, blue jay, Cardinal

Front 106

Mammals

Back 106

Tetrapods with hair

Monotremes, marsupials, and Placentals

>Bats, Rodents, Humans

Front 107

1. What is the big development in Reptiles that allows them to live on land full-time?

Back 107

amniotic eggs

Front 108

1. What is the difference between the eggs of a reptile and the eggs of a bird?

Back 108

1. Birds eggs have a hard shell

Front 109

1. What are the defining characteristics of mammals?

Back 109

1. Hair and mammory glands

2. Monotremes, marsupials, and placentals

Front 110

1. From what group of animals do we believe mammals evolved? What characteristic leads us to think this?

Back 110

1. Birds because they are endothermic.

Front 111

1. There are three main group of mammals. For the three listed below, name some examples and describe the differences in their method of reproduction

Back 111

1. Monotremes

2. Marsupials

3. Placental mammals

i. Humans, lions

ii. Placental reproduction

iii. Different b/c Placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryos in the uterus

Front 112

1. In which group of Mammals are humans classified?

Back 112

Placental