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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 Types of Behavior
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learned
instinct |
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What major kingdom exhibits behavior?
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Anamalia
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Nonassociative Learning
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Does not require animal to form an association between 2 stimuli OR between a stimulus & a response
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Name 1 example of nonassociative learning.
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Habituation
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Habituation
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decrease in response to a stimulus that has no positive or negative consequences
Learning not to respond to a stimulus |
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Associative Learning
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Association between two stimuli OR a stimulus & a response that causes behavior to be conditioned (modified)
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Name 2 example of associative learning.
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Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning
Operant Conditioning |
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Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning
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paired presentation of two stimuli causes animal to associate the two
Dog salivates at the sound of a bell |
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Operant Conditioning:
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Operant Conditioning: animal learns to associate a behavior with a reward or punishment
Bird & monarch butterfly; frog & bee; caged rat with food lever |
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Imprinting
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Process early in development where an animal forms social attachments or preferences that will influence later behavior
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Filial imprinting
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social attachments between parents & offspring
Ex: geese “imprint” the first object they see after hatching |
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Sexual imprinting
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individual learns to direct its sexual behavior at members of its own species
Some birds raised by parents of a different species attempt to breed with members of their parents’ species |
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2 types of Behavioral Rhythms
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Endogenous rhythms
Exogenous rhythms |
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Endogenous rhythms
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internal biological “clocks” (sometimes controlled by specific genes)
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Exogenous rhythms
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controlled by external stimuli, usually light
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Example of Human exogenus biological rhythm.
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Humans: light/dark circadian (24hr) rhythms regulate secretion of the hormone melatonin
- Melatonin levels decrease in light; increase in dark - Affect sleep/wake cycles (jet lag) - Affect reproductive physiology in species with distinct breeding seasons |
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Pheromones
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Chemical messengers, used for communication between individuals, that can influence behavior
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Uses of Pheromones
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*Many used to facilitate reproduction (usually by attracting mates)
- Insects; fish; mammals - Humans: egg produces a chemical attractant to communicate with sperm |
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Alarm pheromones
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signal “attack” in bees, ants
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Trail pheromones
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used by ants to lead others to food source
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Bee Waggle
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The way one scout bees tells the others where a food supply is located.
angle points to direction distance is given by rate of waggle (faster = closer) |
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Define cognition
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ability to problem solve
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Difference between pheromone and hormone
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pheromone are chemical messengers transmitted between two individuals
hormone are chemical messenger transmitted within an individiual |
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Behavioral Ecology
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Study of how natural selection shapes behavior
Considers the adaptive significance of behavior Or how behavior increases survival & reproduction |
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Fitness
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the genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations
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Relative fitness
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fitness of one individual compared to other individuals in the population
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Why does Natural selection favors foraging behavior
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It maximizes the amount of energy gained per unit time spent foraging
Increased energy usually results in increased reproductive success |
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Behavior that maximizes fitness is a trade off between...
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obtaining the most energy and being eaten.
Sometimes the behavior that maximizes energy intake is not the one that minimizes predation risk |
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Territorial Behavior
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Individuals maintain exclusive use of an area that contains some limiting resource
Food, foraging ground, potential mates |
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What are three costs of territorial behavior?
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Energetically expensive
Aggression can lead to injury Advertisement to predators |
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What animals are most sucessful at survival and reproduction?
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Animals that gain more energy in resources than they lose in behavior
**The goal of all animals is to maximize their fitness** |
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Parental investment
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the contributions each sex makes in producing & rearing offspring
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Differences between male and female parental investment:
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Usually higher in females (eggs are much larger than sperm; gestation; lactation **these are biological reasons)
Reproduction is relatively cheap for males – they can best increase their fitness by mating with as many females as possible Females have an incentive to be choosy |
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Mate Choice
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females tend to evaluate a male’s quality before deciding to mate
When parental investment is equal, mate choice is equal |
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How do males best maximize their fitness?
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by mating with as many females as possible.
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Sexual Selection
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A type of differential reproduction that results from variable success in obtaining mates
By evaluating & selecting mates with superior qualities, an animal can increase its reproductive success |
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Two types of sexual selection
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Intrasexual
Intersexual |
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Intrasexual selection
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usually males competing with each other for females
Few males mate, and most males don’t Evolution of structures for fighting Horns, antlers, large canine teeth Selection favors any trait that confers greater ability to outcompete other males |
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Sexual dimorphism
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in most species males are larger than females
a result of intrasexual selection |
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Intersexual selection
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usually females can be “choosy” with their males
Females usually choose large and/or colorful males - Males that live longer have a good genetic makeup - Healthy males are less likely to be carrying disease |
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When parental investment is equal...
When males are territorial... |
When parental investment is equal, females choose males that can provide the best care
When males are territorial, females get more food, better nesting sites, & predator refuges |
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Handicap Hypothesis
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Male peacocks are inhibited by their large tails and are easy prey, yet females still mate w/ them
Even w/ handicap, only genetically superior males can survive regardless |
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Three Mating Systems
Mating systems represent reproductive adaptations to environmental conditions |
Monogamy: one male / one female
- Birds & mammals Polygeny: one male / many females - Most animals Polyandry: one female / many males - Spotted sandpipers |
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Some fish species have 2 types of males
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large & territorial males
- females choose these Small “sneaky” males no spectrum of sizes |
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Adultery leads to...
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more genetic diversity
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Altruism
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Behavior that increases the fitness of the recipient while reducing the fitness of the altruistic individual
Self-sacrifice for the benefit of others Examples: mammalian alarm calls; bird “helpers at the nest”; lioness that nurses other cubs |
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Why help others at a cost to oneself?
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Most behaviors are not truly “altruistic” – most expect reciprocity
Kin selection: selection favoring relatives (sharing genes with family therefore your genes will pass on through them) |
