Bio 302 Exam 3

Front 1

Pulmonary ventilation

Back 1

The inhalation and exhalation of air; involves exchange between atmosphere and alveoli

Front 2

External respiration

Back 2

Exchange of gases between alveoli of lungs and pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane

Blood loses O2 and gains CO2

Front 3

Internal respiration

Back 3

Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissues

Blood gains O2 and loses CO2

Front 4

External intercostals

Back 4

Muscles of inspiration; lift rib cage up and out

Front 5

Muscles of exhalation?

Back 5

Internal intercostals

Front 6

Intrapleural pressure

Back 6

Pressure between parietal and visceral pleura of lungs. Always less than alveolar pressure

Front 7

Alveolar pressure

Back 7

Pressure inside the lungs when the volume increases

Front 8

What is happening to pressure during exhalation?

Back 8

Pressure inside lungs exceeds atmospheric pressure.
Passive process

Front 9

What is elastic recoil and what causes it?

Back 9

The natural tendency of the chest to spring back after inhalation. Caused by surface tension

Causes pressure to increase in lungs

Front 10

What do Type II cells of the lungs do?

Back 10

Release surfactant (phospholipids and lipoproteins) to reduce surface tension

Front 11

Compliance

Back 11

Effort required to stretch chest wall
Good (high) compliance = elastic recoil fibers and fine and surfactant is doing its job

Front 12

Airway resistance

Back 12

Provided by walls of airways which have smooth muscle and are controlled by sympathetic system

Front 13

Dalton's Law

Back 13

Gas pressure is independent of other gases present in mixture

Front 14

Henry's Law

Back 14

The quantity of gas that will dissolve is proportional to the pressure and solubility

Front 15

Emphysema

Back 15

Surface area of alveoli is decreased as walls disintegrate and gas exchange is slowed

Front 16

Pulmonary edema

Back 16

Buildup of interstitial fluid between the alveoli of lungs slows the rate of gas exchange due to increased distance for diffusion

Front 17

HIgh altitude sickness

Back 17

As altitude increases, O2 pressure decreases, which causes diffusion to slow down

Front 18

Effect of pressure on oxygen binding hemoglobin

Back 18

Higher pressure = more saturation

Front 19

effect of acidity on affinity

Back 19

higher acid= less affinity so oxygen dissociates more readily

Front 20

Bohr effect

Back 20

An increase in H ions causes oxygen to unload from Hb.
Increased O2 binding causes H to be released from Hb

Front 21

Effect of partial pressure of CO2

Back 21

As CO2 pressure increases, oxygen has less affinity and is released. pH decreases which also decreases affinity

Front 22

Effect of temp on affinity

Back 22

high temp= less affinity

Front 23

BPG

Back 23

Decreases affinity of Hb for O2. Decreases pH

Front 24

How does CO poisoning occur?

Back 24

CO has 200x more affinity for Hb than O2 and takes its spot

Front 25

Chloride shift

Back 25

Cl ions move from plasma to RBC when gases are exchanged in internal respiration
Bicarbonate moves out

Front 26

Haldane effect

Back 26

The lower the amount of oxyhemoglobin in the blood, the higher the CO2 carrying capacity
Deoxyhemoglobin binds and transports more CO2

Front 27

Respiratory center

Back 27

A widely dispersed group of neurons that receive nerve impulses that control the action of the respiratory muscles
Located in the pons and medulla region

Front 28

Medullary rhythmicity area

Back 28

Controls the basic rhythm of respiration

Front 29

Pneumotaxic area

Back 29

Located in the upper pons and transmits inhibitory info to the inspiratory area (prevents overfilling)

Front 30

Apneustic area

Back 30

Located in the lower pons and coordinates transition between inhalation and exhalation

Front 31

central chemoreceptors

Back 31

located in CNS and respond to changes in pH and pCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid

Front 32

peripheral chemoreceptors

Back 32

Located in aortic and carotid bodies
Sensitive to changes in pO2 and pCO2 and H

Front 33

Asthma

Back 33

Chronic airway inflammation
Airway hypersensitivity to stimuli
Airway obstruction

Front 34

Pneumonia

Back 34

Acute infection or inflammation of alveoli

Front 35

Tuberculosis

Back 35

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes fibrous nodules and scar tissue around the lungs, which constricts them

Front 36

Cystic fibrosis

Back 36

Inherited disease of secretory epithelia that affects airways, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and sweat glands by mucous accumulation

Front 37

Small cell carcinoma

Back 37

cells of primary bronchus constantly grow

Front 38

Adenocarcinoma

Back 38

Bronchial glands and alveolar cells have a tumor

Front 39

Uterine/Menstrual cycle

Back 39

a series of events that prepares the endometrium of the uterus for the arrival of a fertilized ovum

Front 40

Ovarian cycle

Back 40

a series of events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte

Front 41

Menstrual phase

Back 41

First 4-5 days of ovarian cycle
Functional layer is sloughed off
Declining levels of progesterone and estrogen cause constriction of blood vessels and cells die

Front 42

Preovulatory phase

Back 42

6-13 days in
Ovaries:
Secondary follicles of ovaries secrete estrogen and inhibin --> decreases FSH
One secondary follicle grows larger than the other and becomes the Graafian follicle (produces estrogens)

Uterus:
Estrogens are liberated from the blood and signal the repair of the endometrium
Functional layer is formed once again

Front 43

Ovulation

Back 43

The rupture of the Graafian follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
High estrogen concentration leads to an increased release of GnRH --> increased FSH and LH

Front 44

LH

Back 44

Causes mature graafian follicle to rupture after 9 hours

Front 45

Mittelscherz

Back 45

blood that leaks into the pelvic cavity and causes pain

Front 46

Post ovulatory phase

Back 46

day 15-28
One mature follicle collapses and blood clot forms from the bleeding, ruptured follicle (corpus hemorrhagicum)

Front 47

GnRH

Back 47

controls ovarian and uterine cycles
stimulates FSH and LH

Front 48

FSH

Back 48

Initiates follicular growth and stimulates the secretion of estrogen (granulosa cells take up androgens and make estrogen)

Front 49

LH

Back 49

stimulates further development of ovarian follicles and secretes estrogen
regulates corpus luteum
stimulates theca cells to produce androgens which stimulate ovulation

Front 50

Estrogen

Back 50

promotes development of reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and breasts
increases protein anabolism
decreases cholesterol

Front 51

Progesterone

Back 51

secreted by cells of corpus luteum
prepares and maintains endometrium for implantation
prepares mammary glands

Front 52

Relaxin

Back 52

Produced by corpus luteum
Relaxes uterus and inhibits contractions of myometrium
Increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis

Front 53

Inhibin

Back 53

Secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and corpus luteum after ovulation
Inhibits FSH and LH
Inhibits follicle growth after Graafian follicle

Front 54

Chorion

Back 54

secretes hCG into blood after 8 days of pregnancy
secretes estrogen after 3-4 weeks
secretes progesterone after 6 weeks

Front 55

hCG

Back 55

rescues corpus luteum from degeneration

Front 56

hCS

Back 56

helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
enhances maternal growth by increasing protein synthesis

Front 57

CRH

Back 57

clock that regulates birth

Front 58

Seminiferous tubule

Back 58

where sperm are produced

Front 59

What stimulates sperm production?

Back 59

GnRH

Front 60

Where do sperm mature?

Back 60

Epidiymus

Front 61

Leydig cells

Back 61

Clusters of cells that are in the spaces between seminiferous tubules
Secrete testosterone

Front 62

Sertoli cells

Back 62

Spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules
Nourish spermatocytes
Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm
Controls movements of spermatogenic release
Produces fluid for transport

Front 63

Blood-testis barrier

Back 63

Present between sertoli cells
Protects sperm from immune response

Front 64

Primary spermatocyte

Back 64

Spermatogonia that lose contact with basement membrane and squeeze through blood-testis barrier and undergo developmental changes
Diploid

Front 65

Secondary spermatocyte

Back 65

Two cells formed after meiosis I
Haploid

Front 66

Spermatid

Back 66

4 haploid cells from meiosis II
2 x and 2 y

Front 67

FSH in male

Back 67

Stimulates ABP
Indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by combining with testosterone and sertoli cells

Front 68

LH in male

Back 68

Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone (inhibits LH and GnRH)

Front 69

How is DHT formed?

Back 69

5-alpha-reductase converts testosterone in external genitals and prostate
Enlargement of larynx and deepening of voice

Front 70

ABP

Back 70

binds to testosterone and keeps levels high

Front 71

Inhibin

Back 71

Secreted by sertoli cells
Inhibits FSH (which controls spermatogenesis)

Front 72

How does the pill work?

Back 72

A mild dose of progestin and synthetic estrogen to suppress FSH and LH

Front 73

How does the abortion pill work?

Back 73

Progesterone receptors are blocked
Prevents blastocyst from implanting on endometrium