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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many divisions of the ANS are there? |
2 |
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What are the 2 divisions of the ANS? |
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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In which division do axons emerge from thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord? |
Sympathetic |
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Which division of the ANS innervates ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord? |
Sympathetic |
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Which division of the ANS only kicks in during periods of exertion, stress or emergency? |
Sympathetic |
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In which division do axons emerge from the brain stem and sacral spinal segments? |
Parasympathetic |
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Which ANS division innervates ganglia very close (or within) target organs? |
Parasympathetic |
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Which division of the ANS is also known as "Fight or Flight"? |
Sympathetic division |
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Which division of the ANS is also known as "Rest and digest"? |
Parasympathetic |
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T or F: If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition. |
T |
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T or F: The 2 ANS divisions can work independently of each other. |
T |
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T or F: The two divisions of the ANS can work together, with each controlling one stage of a complex process. |
T |
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Which fibers of the sympathetic nervous system are short fibers? |
Preganglionic fibers |
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Which fibers of the sympathetic nervous system are long fibers? |
Postganglionic fibers |
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Where is the sympathetic chain located? |
On either side of the spinal cord |
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What specific autonomic ganglia innervates visceral effectors in the thoracic cavity, head, body wall, and limbs? |
Sympathetic chain |
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Which specific autonomic ganglia innervates vesceral effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity and includes celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric ganglia? |
Collateral ganglia |
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Which autonomic ganglia is at the center of the adrenal gland, acts as an endocrine gland and targets organs and systems throughout the body? |
Adrenal medulla |
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Typical responses of this division of the ANS include heightened mental alertness, increased metabolic rate, reduced digestive and urinary functions, activation of energy reserves, increased respiratory rate and dilation of passageways, elevated heart rate and blood pressure and activation of sweat glands? |
Sympathetic |
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Which division of the ANS conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities, is termed the craniosacral division, is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores, is most active when the body is at rest or digesting a meal? |
Parasympathetic |
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What are the five responses of the body to increased parasympathetic activity? |
decreased metabolism, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, increased secretion of saliva and digestive juices, increased motility and blood flow in the digestive tract, urination and defecation stimulation |
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T or F: Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the same regions of the central nervous system. |
False. Housed in different regions of the central nervous system |
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Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate? |
Brainstem or the lateral gray horn of the S2-S4 spinal cord regions |
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Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate? |
Lateral gray horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord regions |
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Which ANS division is structurally more simple? |
Parasympathetic |
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What are terminal ganglia? |
Ganglionic neurons located close to the target organ |
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What are intramural ganglia? |
Ganglionic neurons located within the wall of the target organ |
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Which specific nerve alone provides 75% of all parasympathetic outflow? |
Vagus nerve |
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T or F: Numerous vagus nerve branches intermingle with sympathetic fibers forming nerve plexuses. |
T |
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Preganglionic fibers in this spinal cord segment forms distinct pelvic nerves. |
Sacral spinal cord segment |
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Preganglionic fibers in sacral spinal cord segments innervate intramural ganglia in which 4 organs? |
Kidneys, bladder, large intestine, sex organs |
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Of the two divisions of the ANS, which is more complicated both anatomically and functionally? |
Sympathetic |
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Where are sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies housed? |
The lateral gray horn of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord |
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Does activation of the Fight of Flight function of the ANS involve a single effector, many effectors, or both? |
Can be either or both |
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In mass activation, a large number of __________ _______ activate many effector organs. |
ganglionic neurons |
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In dual innervation by the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, they innervate organs through specific axon bundles called what? |
Autonomic plexuses |
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Which 2 neurotransmitters are used in the ANS? |
acetylcholine, norepinephrine |
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Neurotransmitters are released by what? |
Presynaptic cell |
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Nurotransmitters bind to specific receptors in what membrane? |
Postsynaptic cell membrane |
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Acetylcholine is secreted by all preganglionic neurons in which division's neurons? |
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons |
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T or F: Any receptor that bind Acetylcholine is called a cholinergic receptor. |
T |
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What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors? |
Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors |
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Where are nicotinic receptors found? |
On all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles |
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When acetylcholine binds to a receptor, does it cause excitation or inhibition? |
Excitation |
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Where are muscarinic receptors found? |
In all cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells |
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Do muscarinic receptors cause an excitation response or inhibitory response? |
Either, depends on subclass of the receptor |
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Nearly all postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete this neurotransmitter. |
Norepinephrine |
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Alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic and types of this receptor. |
Adrenergic receptors |
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Adrenergic receptors are found in which division of the ANS? |
Sympathetic |
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What do adrenergic receptors bind? |
Adrenaline |
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In what part of the target cell are adrenergic receptors found? |
Plasma membrane |
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Are alpha receptors of adrenergic receptors stimulated by norepinephrine, epinephrine, or both? |
Both |
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Are alpha 1 receptors generally excitatory or inhibatory? |
Excitatory |
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Are alpha 2 receptors generally excitatory or inhibitory? |
inhibitory |
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Are beta receptors of Adrenergic recptors generally stimulated by norepinephrine, epinephrine, or both? |
Epinephrine |
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Beta 1 receptors stimulate this kind of muscle. |
Cardiac |
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Beta 2 receptors relax this passage and blood vessel of this type of muscle. |
Respiratory passage, smooth muscle |
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Beta 3 receptors release this from adipose tissue for metabolic use in other tissues. |
Fatty acids |
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Both the preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the parasympathetic division releases this neurotransmitter and thus are called cholinergic. |
Acetylcholine |
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Receptors of the parasympathetic division all bind what neurotransmitter? |
Acetylcholine |
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Are nicotinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory? |
Always excitatory |
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Are muscarinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory? |
Either |
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Increased activity of which division of the ANS causes decreased metabolism, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands, increased motility and blood flow in the digestive tract and urination and defecation stimulation. |
Parasympathetic |
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Increased activity of which division of the ANS causes heightened mental alertness, increased metabolic rate, reduced digestive and urinary functions, energy reserves activated, increased respiratory rate and respiratory passageways dilate, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and sweat glands activated. |
Sympathetic |
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The axon terminals of all preganglionic neurons release the chemical ____________ which transmits impulses across autonomic synapses. |
Acetylcholine |
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The axon terminals of all (or almost all) postganglionic _______________ neurons release acetylcholine into their synaptic junctions. |
parasympathetic |
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Postganglionic ___________ axon terminals are the only axon terminals to release norepinephrine. |
sympathetic |
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Axons whose terminals release _____________ are called cholinergic fibers. |
Acetylcholine |
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Axons whose terminals release acetylcholine are called what? |
Cholinergic fibers |
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__________ fibers are axon fibers that release chiefly Norepinephrine. |
Adrenergic |
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Adrenergic fibers are axons that release chiefly ______________. |
Norepinephrine |
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All preganglionic fibers and all parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are classifed as ___________ fibers. |
Cholinergic |
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Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are the only fibers known definitely to be __________. |
Adrenergic |
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The chemical transmitter presumably released only by postganglionic sympathetic fibers is ______________. |
Norepinephrine |
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The general function of the ___________ nervous system is to regulate the responses of the visceral effectors in ways that tend to enable the body to expend maximal energy. |
sympathetic |
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Is craniosacral parasympathetic or sympathetic? |
Parasympathetic |
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Is the thoracolumbar parasympathetic or sympathetic? |
Sympathetic |
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A neurotransmitter used by preganglionic neuron (parasympathetic). |
Acetylcholine |
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A neurotransmitter used by preganglionic neuron (sympathetic). |
Acetylcholine |
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A type of receptor found on postganglionic neuron (parasympathetic). |
Nicotinic |
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A type of receptor found on postganglionic neuron (sympathetic). |
Nicotinic |
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A neurotransmitter used by postganglionic neuron (parasympathetic). |
Acetylcholine |
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A neurotransmitter used by postganglionic neuron (sympathetic). |
Norepinerphrine |
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A type of receptor usually found on effector (parasympathetic). |
Muscarinic |
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A type of receptor usually found on effector (sympathetic). |
Alpha and Beta |
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What division of the ANS has only one type of ganglia? |
Parasympathetic |
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What division of the ANS has two types of ganglia? |
Sympathetic |
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What is the name of the parasympathetic ganglion? |
Terminal |
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Where is the terminal type of ganglia located? |
Close to the target |
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What are the two types of ganglia in the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
Sympathetic chain, collateral |
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Where are the sympathetic chain ganglia located? |
Along spinal cord |
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Where are the collateral ganglia located? |
Anterior to the vertebrae |
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If a surgeon severs the white ramus communicantes during surgery what neurons have been cut? |
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
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If a surgeon severs the gray ramus communicantes during surgery what neurons have been cut? |
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons |
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The ___________ division of the ANS is also known as the thoracolumbar. |
Sympathetic |
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The _______________ division of the ANS is also known as craniosacral. |
Parasympathetic |
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What cranial nerves contribute to the parasympathetic division of the ANS? |
3, 7, 9, 10 |
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What cranial nerves contribute to the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
None |
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What spinal nerves contribute to the parasympathetic division of the ANS? |
S2-S4 |
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What spinal nerves contribute to the sympathetic division of the ANS? |
T1-L2 |
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Which division of the ANS has a general effect on the entire body at one time? |
Parasympathetic |
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Which division of the ANS has a localized effect on the body? |
Sympathetic |
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Which division will have relatively short pre-ganglionic neurons? |
Sympathetic division |
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Which division will have relatively long post-ganglionic neurons? |
Sympathetic division |
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Which division will have realtively short post-ganglionic neurons? |
parasympathetic division |
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The major control center for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS is the ____________ of the brain. |
Hypothalamus |
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What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? |
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
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The central nervous system involves which 2 parts? |
Brain, spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system involves which 2 parts? |
cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? |
Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system |
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What does the somatic nervous system control? |
Efferent skeletal muscle control, afferent sensory division |
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What does the autonomic nervous system control? |
Control of cardiac and smooth muscle, glands and adipose tissue |
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Does the somatic nervous system use sensory neurons, motor neurons, or both? |
Both |
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Dendrites or specialized cells that transmit action potentials from the body and external environment to the CNS is the definition of what? |
Receptor |
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The arriving of information to the CNS is the definition of what? |
Sensation |
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Conscious awareness of a sensation is the definition of what? |
Perception |
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The area where the CNS makes you perceive that the sensation started is the definition of what? |
Projection |
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Where are special senses found? |
In special sense organs |
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Where are general senses found? |
Throughout the body |
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Do somatic and visceral senses fall under the category of special senses or general senses? |
General senses |
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Smell, sight, taste, balance and hearing are all what kind of senses? |
Special |
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Temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception are all what kind of senses? |
General |
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Reduction in sensitivity of a constant stimulus and your nervous system quickly adapting to stimuli that are painless and constant are the definition of what? |
Adaptation |
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Which receptors are always active, show little peripheral adaptation, are slow-adapting receptors, and remind you of an injury long after the initial damage has occured? |
Tonic receptors |
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Which receptors are normally inactive, become active for a short time whenever a change occurs, provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus and are fast-adapting receptors? |
Phasic receptors |
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Which receptors monitor visceral organs and function? |
Interoceptors |
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Which receptors monitor external environment? |
Exteroceptors |
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Which receptors monitor positions of skeletal muscles and joints? |
Proprioceptors |
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Proprioceptors are found all over the body except in which 2 cavities? |
Thoracic and abdominopelvic |
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What type of receptor is found in the skin, joint capsules, blood vessel walls and the periostea around bones? |
Nociceptors |
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What type of receptor is sensitive to temperature extremes, mechanical damage and chemicals? |
Nociceptors |
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Which type of receptor has free nerve endings with large receptive fields, branching tips of dendrites, not protected by accessory structures and has two types of axons that will transmit pain sensations? |
Nociceptors |
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What 2 types of fibers do Nociceptors have? |
Type A, Type C |
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Are type A fibers of Nociceptors myelinated or unmyelinated? |
Myelinated |
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What fibers of Nociceptors carries sensations of fast/prickling pain? |
Type A |
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What fibers of Nociceptors' sensations reach the central nervous system quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes and are relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention? |
Type A |
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What fibers of Nociceptors carry sensations of slow pain (burning and aching)? |
Type C |
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What fibers of Nociceptors cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus and allow you to become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected? |
Type C |
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What is another name for Thermoreceptors? |
Temperature receptors |
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Thermoreceptors are free nerve endings located in what 4 areas? |
Dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, hypothalamus |
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What are the 2 types of thermoreceptors? |
Warm and cold |
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T or F: Temperature sensations are conducted along the same pathways that carry pain sensations. |
T |
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What kind of receptor is sensitive to stimuli that distort their plasma membranes and contain mechanically gated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to stretching, compression, twisting and other distortions? |
Mechanoreceptors |
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What are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors? |
Tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors |
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What class of mechanoreceptor provides the sensations of touch, pressure and vibration? |
Tactile receptors |
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What sensory receptor have very small receptive fields, sensitive to tonic receptors and feel fine touch and pressure? |
Tactile (merkel) discs |
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What sensory receptor is large, adapt to stimulation within 1 second and perceive fine touch, pressure and vibration? |
Tactile corpuscle |
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What sensory receptor perceives deep pressure, is fast-adapting and most sensitive to pulsing and high-frequency vibration? |
Lamellated corpuscle |
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What receptor monitor change in pressure, consists of free nerve endings that branch within elastic tissues and respond immediately to a change in pressure but adapt rapidly? |
Baroreceptor |
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What are the 3 major group of proprioceptors? |
Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs and receptors in joint capsules |
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What group of proprioceptor monitors skeletal muscle length and triggers stretch reflexes? |
Muscle spindles |
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What group of proprioceptor is located at the junction between skeletal muscle and its tendon, is stimulated by tension in tendon and monitors external tension developed during muscle contraction? |
Golgi tendon organs |
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What group of proprioceptor are free nerve endings that detect pressure, tension and movement at the joint? |
Receptors in joint capsules |
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What type of receptors respond only to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances dissolved in surrounding fluid and exhibit peripheral adaptation over a period of seconds? |
Chemoreceptors |
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In what type of receptor can central adaptation also possibly occur? |
Chemoreceptor |
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In what 2 places are chemoreceptors located? |
Carotid bodies and aortic bodies |
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What do chemoreceptors monitor? |
pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in blood |
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On what type of pathway is sensory information carried from the skin, head, neck and limbs? |
Somatic sensory pathway |
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What are the 3 major somatic sensory pathways? |
Spinothalamic pathway, posterior column pathway, spinocerebellar pathway |
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Which somatic sensory pathway provides conscious sensations of poorly localized touch, pressure, pain and temperature? |
Spinothalamic pathway |
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Which somatic sensory pathway carries sensations of highly localized (fine) touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception? |
Posterior column pathway |
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In which somatic sensory pathway does the cerebellum receive proprioceptive infor about position of skeletal muscles, tendons and joints? |
Spinocerebellar pathway |
