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236 Cards in this Set
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Streptophytes |
Plants and closest green algal relatives |
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Tissues |
Close association of cells, low surface area to volume less readily lose water in dry air by evaporation |
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Apical meristems |
At growing tip, thick tissue to withstand drought and stress |
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Spores |
Allow land plant to disperse offspring through dry air |
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Sporopollenin |
Plant spores are tough because of this material in their walls |
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Gametangia |
Generate, protect, & disperse land plant gametes |
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Sporangia |
Produce, protect, & disperse spores of land plants |
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Bryophytes |
Liverworts, mosses, hornworts Small in stature, most common and diverse in moist habitats |
Bryo- moss Phytes- plant |
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Tracheophytes |
Lycophytes, ferns, seed producing vascular plants |
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Tracheids |
Type of specialized conducting cell which occurs in the xylem |
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Xylem |
Conduct water and minerals throughout plant body, structural support so it can grow y’all |
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Lignin |
Occurs in cell walls of tracheids, decay resistant water proofing material |
Vascular tissue |
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Phloem |
Watery sap containing organic molecules throughout plant body |
Vascular tissues |
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Vascular tissues |
Lignin and phloem Occur in major plant organs such as stems, roots, leaves |
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Stems |
Branching organs that bear reproductive sporangia and leaves |
Vascular system |
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Roots |
Branching organs specialized for uptake of water and minerals from soil |
Vascular system |
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Leaves |
Photosynthetic function |
Vascular system Stem + leaves = shoot |
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Vascular system |
It’s function is to carry nutrients and other materials throughout the body |
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Cuticle |
Protective wavy on plant surface (epidermis) contains citing that deters pathogen attack and prevent drying |
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Stomata |
Surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves contain this, pores that can open and close allow co2 to enter |
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spermatophytes |
Produce seeds Gymnosperm and Angiosperm |
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Seeds |
Tissues protectively enclose embryos and contain stores of carbs, lipid, and protein that enable embryos to grow and develop |
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Pollen |
Small air/animal borne spores that contain and protect microscopic male gametophytes |
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Gymnosperm |
Naked seeds; produce pollen and seeds; lack flowers, fruits, and endosperm Ex: cycads ginkgos, conifers |
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Angiosperm |
Enclosed seeds; Produce seeds and pollen; have flowers, fruits, and specialized seed tissue for endosperm |
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Flower |
Short stem beating reproductive organs, enhance seed production |
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Fruits |
Structures that develop from flowers |
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Endosperm |
Nutritive seed tissue that increases efficiency with which food is stored in seeds of flowering plants |
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Sepals |
Green and form outer layer of flower buds |
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Stamens |
Produce and disperse pollen |
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Carpels |
Structures produce ovules |
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Double fertilization |
1 sperm nucleus fuses with egg nucleus to form a zygote and other sperm nucleus fuses with nuclei of other haploid cells of female gametophyte |
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Monocots |
Embryos posses 1 cotyledon; petals, steamers, or floral parts in multiples of 3 Ex: tulips, daffodil, irises |
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Eudicots |
2 cotyledon; multiples of 4 or 5 Ex: roses, snapdragons, daises |
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Pollinators |
Animals that transfer pollen among plants |
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Inflorescences |
Groups of flowers tightly clustered together |
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Domestication |
Involves artificial selection for traits desirable to humans |
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Meristem |
Divide - region of undifferentiated cells that produces new tissue by cell division |
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Organ systems |
Structures that are composed of more than 1 organ |
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Vegetative growth |
Growth of non reproductive pets of plant body |
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Vegetative growth |
Growth of non reproductive pets of plant body |
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Buds |
Shoots produce this during growth (organ system) |
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Indeterminate growth |
Apical meristems continuously produce new stem tissues and leaves as long as conditions remain favorable |
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Indeterminate growth |
Apical meristems continuously produce new stem tissues and leaves as long as conditions remain favorable |
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Determinate growth |
Growth of limited duration |
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Annuals |
Plants that die after predicting seed during first year of life Ex: corn |
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Biennials |
Don’t reproduce during 1st year may reproduce the following year Ex: carrots |
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Perennials |
Plants live for more than 2 years producing seeds each year after reproductive maturity Ex: trees |
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Apical basal polarity |
Shoot apical meristem occurs at the apical pole and root apical mwristem occurs at basal pile |
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Radial symmetry |
Embryo, stem, root circular in shape leaves/ flower in circular whorl |
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Primary meristem |
Increase plant length and produce new organs leads to primary growth |
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Tap root system |
1 main root with many branch roots |
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Fibrous root system |
Multiple roots that grow from stem base |
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Stem cells |
Produce 2 cells, 1 remains young and unspecialized, 2 differentiated into various specialized cells |
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Primary growth |
which produce primary tissues |
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Secondary growth |
Secondary meristems increase birth of woody plant stems and roots |
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Epidermis |
Outermost tissue, develops at stem surface |
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Cortex |
Beneath epidermis, composed of parenchyma tissue - thin walled cells as parenchyma cells, store starch in plastids |
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Collenchyma tissue |
Flexible cells in stems and rigid sclerenchyma tissue provide strength and protection |
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Vascular bundles |
Primary vascular tissues arranged in elongate clusters, appear round |
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Lead primordia |
Young leaves produced at the sides of a SAM as small bumps |
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Leaf mesophyll |
Upper - palisade parenchyma cells absorb sunlight Lower - spongy parenchyma air spaces that foster CO2 absorption and O2 release |
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Leaf veins |
Vascular tissue in spongy parenchyma xylem conduct water and mineral throughout leaf tissues fostering photosynthesis |
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Tap root system |
1 main root with many branch roots |
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Fibrous root system |
Multiple roots that grow from stem base |
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Stem cells |
Produce 2 cells, 1 remains young and unspecialized, 2 differentiated into various specialized cells |
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Node |
Stem region from which 1 or more leaves emerge |
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Internode |
Region of stem between adjacent nodes differences in number and lengths of internodes help explain why plants differ in height |
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Axillary buds |
Bear a SAM at tops and produce leafy branches known as lateral shoots/ flowers |
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Auxin |
Hormone, production of leaf primordia |
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Hormones |
Signaling molecules are produced at 1 site and exert effects on distant target cells |
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Gibberellic acid |
Hormone, in a sense of KNOX proteins induce leaf primordia which stimulates both cell division and cell enlargement causing young leaves to grow |
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Gibberellic acid |
Hormone, in a sense of KNOX proteins induce leaf primordia which stimulates both cell division and cell enlargement causing young leaves to grow |
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Blade |
Flattened portion of a leaf |
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Gibberellic acid |
Hormone, in a sense of KNOX proteins induce leaf primordia which stimulates both cell division and cell enlargement causing young leaves to grow |
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Blade |
Flattened portion of a leaf |
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Petiole |
Blades are attached to the stem by means of a stalk |
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Pinnate |
A single main vein from which smaller lateral veins diverage in a feather like pattern |
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Pinnate |
A single main vein from which smaller lateral veins diverage in a feather like pattern |
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Palmate |
Several main veins may spread from a common point on the petiole like the fingers of your hand |
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Trichomes |
Leaf epidermal cells may differentiate into spiky or hairlike projection |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Vascular cambium |
Ring of dividing cells that produces secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Vascular cambium |
Ring of dividing cells that produces secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior |
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Cork cambium |
Produces cork by secondary meristem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Periderm |
Cork cambium and associated parenchyma cells |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Vascular cambium |
Ring of dividing cells that produces secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior |
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Cork cambium |
Produces cork by secondary meristem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Periderm |
Cork cambium and associated parenchyma cells |
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Lenticels |
Outer bark surface is often interrupted by passages which allows inner stem tissues to accomplish gas exchange |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Vascular cambium |
Ring of dividing cells that produces secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior |
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Cork cambium |
Produces cork by secondary meristem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Periderm |
Cork cambium and associated parenchyma cells |
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Lenticels |
Outer bark surface is often interrupted by passages which allows inner stem tissues to accomplish gas exchange |
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Zone of elongation |
Which cells extend by water uptake increases root length |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Vascular cambium |
Ring of dividing cells that produces secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior |
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Cork cambium |
Produces cork by secondary meristem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Periderm |
Cork cambium and associated parenchyma cells |
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Lenticels |
Outer bark surface is often interrupted by passages which allows inner stem tissues to accomplish gas exchange |
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Zone of elongation |
Which cells extend by water uptake increases root length |
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Zone of maturation |
Located above and over lapping with root zone of elongation |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Vascular cambium |
Ring of dividing cells that produces secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior |
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Cork cambium |
Produces cork by secondary meristem |
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Guard cells |
Allow stomata to be open during moist conditions and to close when conditions are dry this prevents plants from losing too much water |
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Periderm |
Cork cambium and associated parenchyma cells |
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Lenticels |
Outer bark surface is often interrupted by passages which allows inner stem tissues to accomplish gas exchange |
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Zone of elongation |
Which cells extend by water uptake increases root length |
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Zone of maturation |
Located above and over lapping with root zone of elongation |
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Root hairs |
Specialized epidermal cells Allows them to obtain water and minerals from soil pores |
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Herbaceous plants |
Ex: corn and beans Produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Woody plants |
Produce both primary and secondary vascular tissue |
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Primary vascular tissues |
Occur in primary xylem and phloem |
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Secondary xylem (woods) |
Component of plants that plays important roles in human life |
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Secondary phloem |
Inner bark |
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Outer bark |
Composed protective layers of mostly dead cork cells that cover outside of woody stems and roots |
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Secondary meristems (lateral meristem) |
Form rings of actively dividing cells that encircle the stem |
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Vascular cambium |
Ring of dividing cells that produces secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior |
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Cork cambium |
Produces cork by secondary meristem |
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Circadian rhythms |
Evolved under the influence of Earth’s rotation, which causes the regular alternation of night and day |
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Phototropism |
Involves both a cellular perception of light and a growth response of stem tissue to an internal chemical signal Plants tend to grow toward a light source |
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Cell communication |
Process in which a cell perceives a physical or chemical signal, switching on an in travel Lukas pathway that leads to a cellular response |
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Receptors |
Sensor proteins that become activated when they receive a specific type of signal |
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Second messengers |
Transmit messages from many types of activated receptors |
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Effectors |
Molecules that directly influence cellular responses |
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Auxins |
Considered to be the master plant hormones, work with other hormones, influence plant structure, development, and behavior in many ways |
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Auxins |
Considered to be the master plant hormones, work with other hormones, influence plant structure, development, and behavior in many ways |
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Auxin response genes |
Auxin exerts many effects because it promotes the expression of diverse genes |
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Auxin influx carrier (AUX 1) |
Negatively charged form requires the aid of a plasma membrane protein |
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Auxin effluent carriers |
Transport auxin out of cells, PIN proteins |
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Polar transport |
Polar distribution of auxin carriers explains polar auxin movement in which auxin primarily flows downward in shoots and into auxin primarily flows downward in shoots and into roots |
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Polar transport |
Polar distribution of auxin carriers explains polar auxin movement in which auxin primarily flows downward in shoots and into auxin primarily flows downward in shoots and into roots |
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Cytokinins |
Plant hormone, play varied and important roles throughout the lives of plants |
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Polar transport |
Polar distribution of auxin carriers explains polar auxin movement in which auxin primarily flows downward in shoots and into auxin primarily flows downward in shoots and into roots |
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Cytokinins |
Plant hormone, play varied and important roles throughout the lives of plants |
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Gibberellins |
Another family of plant hormones, produced apical buds, roots, young leaves, and seed embryos promote shoot development in plant tissue culture, interact with light and other hormones to foster seed getmination and enhance stem elongation and flowering in nature |
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Ethylene |
Plant hormone, particularly important in coordinating plant development and stress responses, produced during seedling growth, flower development and fruit ripening |
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Induction of bud and seed dormancy |
In preparation for winter, ABA stimulates the formation of tough, protective scales around the dormant buds of perennial plants, resume growth only when specific environmental signals reveal the onset of conditions suitable for survival |
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Stomata closure |
Water stressed roots produce ABA then transported to shoots, where it helps to prevent evaporation of water from leaf surfaces by inducing leaf pores to close |
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Stomata closure |
Water stressed roots produce ABA then transported to shoots, where it helps to prevent evaporation of water from leaf surfaces by inducing leaf pores to close |
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Photoperiodism |
Plants ability to measure and respond to day length, based on presence of several types of light receptors within cells |
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Phytochrome |
Red and far red light receptor that influences many plant processes |
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Phytochrome |
Red and far red light receptor that influences many plant processes |
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Long day plants |
ex: lettuce, spinach, radish, beet, clover, gladiolus Flower in spring or early summer |
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Short day plants |
Ex: strawberries, dahlias, potatoes Flower only when the night lengths is longer than a defined period, when days are short |
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Short day plants |
Ex: strawberries, dahlias, potatoes Flower only when the night lengths is longer than a defined period, when days are short |
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Day neutral plants |
Ex: roses, snapdragons, cotton, tomatoes Flower regardless of night length, day length meets minimal requirements for plant growth |
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Gravitropism |
Upward growth of shoots and downward growth of roots, growth in response to gravity |
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Gravitropism |
Upward growth of shoots and downward growth of roots, growth in response to gravity |
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Statoliths |
Both roots and shoots detect gravity by means of starch heavy plastids, located in specialized gravity sensing cells classed statocytes |
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Pulvinus |
More repaid responses to touch, based on changes in the water content of cells within a structure, a swelling located at the base of attachment of each pair of leaflets in complex leaves |
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Elicitors |
Plant pathogens produce compounds, which promotes the infection of plant cells and tissues |
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Resistance genes (R genes) |
Encode plant disease receptor proteins |
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Hypersensitive response |
Local reaction to pathogen attack that limits the progression of disease |
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Hypersensitive response |
Local reaction to pathogen attack that limits the progression of disease |
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Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) |
Is an immune response of the whole plant induced by a pathogen attack |
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