Bio 1Al Lab Exam 2

Front 1

chaonocytes

Back 1

[porifera] flagellated cells that beat to pull in H2O through small pores where food is filtered and ingested by phagocytosis

Front 2

amoebocytes

Back 2

[porifera] cells embedded in sponge wall that help distribute food and produce elastic or hard skeletal fibers

Front 3

cnidocytes

Back 3

[cnidaria] cells containing stinging organelles called nematocytes that eject small harpoons with toxins used for anchoring, feeding, and defense

Front 4

anthozoa

Back 4

[cnidaria] corals and anemones

Front 5

hydrozoa

Back 5

[cnidaria] corals and hydras

Front 6

cubozoa

Back 6

[cnidaria] box jellies and sea wasps

Front 7

scyphozoa

Back 7

[cnidaria] jelly fish and sea nettles

Front 8

gastrovascular cavity (GVC)

Back 8

[cnidaria] "blind sac" with mouth as single opening

Front 9

polyp

Back 9

[cnidaria] sessile body plan attached to substrate

Front 10

medusa

Back 10

[cnidaria] free swimming body plan

Front 11

gastrodermal lines

Back 11

[cnidaria] digestive system containing gland cells and nutritive-muscular cells

Front 12

gland cells

Back 12

[cnidaria] cells that secrete digestive enzymes, specifically proteases

Front 13

nutritive - muscular cells

Back 13

[cnidaria] cells that form pseudopods to engulf partially digested particles for final digestion

Front 14

mesoglea

Back 14

[cnidaria] space between outer and inner epidermis that is filled with extracellular matrix and serves as endoskeleton

Front 15

[cnidarian] nervous system

Back 15

irregular net of primitive nervous cells; no central nervous system

Front 16

dioecious

Back 16

two different sexes

Front 17

turbellaria

Back 17

[platyhelminthes] free-living

Front 18

trematoda

Back 18

[platyhelminthes] flukes that are parasitic

Front 19

cestoda

Back 19

[platyhelminthes] tapeworms that are parasitic

Front 20

[platyhelminthes] germ layers

Back 20

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Front 21

cephalization

Back 21

clumping of sensory / neuronal tissue and presence of some sort of nervous system organization

Front 22

bilateral symmetry

Back 22

symmetry around only one plane

Front 23

acoelomate

Back 23

lacking a true body cavity and having a solid packing of cells instead

Front 24

[platyhelminthes] digestive system

Back 24

food pulled in by extended pharynx and pharyngeal contractions

Front 25

[platyhelminthes] nervous system

Back 25

organized into ladder with 2 lateral nerve cords connected by transverse nerve cords; enlarged cerebral ganglia; sensory, assocation, and motor neurons

Front 26

protonephridia

Back 26

[platyhelminthes] excretory organs that regulate ion / water balance by tubes that open via pores where cilia create negative pressure and pull in fluids

Front 27

[platyhelminthes] reproductive system

Back 27

regeneration from cosntriction; can also be monoecious

Front 28

polychaetes

Back 28

[annelida] segmented bristleworms

Front 29

oligochaetes

Back 29

[annelida] earthworms

Front 30

hirudinea

Back 30

[annelida] leeches

Front 31

metamerism

Back 31

repetition of body parts in segments

Front 32

[annelida] locomotion

Back 32

series of synchronized contractions by longitudinal and circular muscles (can move side-to-side or elongate)

Front 33

setae

Back 33

[annelida] hair-like projections used for anchoring

Front 34

[annelida] heart

Back 34

many repeated structures that are dark and ring-like along the anterior

Front 35

[annelida] reproductive organs

Back 35

anterior and light-colored (monoecious)

Front 36

[annelida] septa

Back 36

fibers that separates segments of body

Front 37

[annelida] digestive system

Back 37

esophagus that has calciferous glands, crop, and gizzard

Front 38

calciferous glands

Back 38

[annelida] excrete excess calcium into the feces

Front 39

crop

Back 39

[annelida] thin walled sac posterior of esophagus to store food

Front 40

gizzard

Back 40

[annelida] thick-walled sac where food is fragmented

Front 41

[annelida] circulatory system

Back 41

closed system where blood (which contained dissolved hemoglobin)is always inside the vessels

Front 42

[annelida] nervous system

Back 42

contains the brain, dorsal, and ventral ganglia

Front 43

suprapharyngeal ganglia

Back 43

[annelida] brain which also leads to series of ventral nerve cords through the ventral ganglia

Front 44

metanephridia

Back 44

[annelida] elimination of nitrogenous waste through finely coiled tubes adhered to body wall

Front 45

nephrostome

Back 45

[annelida] where metanephridia opens into coelom

Front 46

metanephriopore

Back 46

[annelida] pore from the metanephridia to outside environment

Front 47

[annelida] reproductive system

Back 47

hermaphroditic worms that cross-fertilize and contain both testes and ovaries

Front 48

[annelida] seminal vesicles

Back 48

[annelida] large rounded masses that contain testes which store sperm

Front 49

spermatheca

Back 49

[annelida] where sperm crawls into when mating and eggs are then released for internal cross-fertilization

Front 50

cuticles

Back 50

[annelida] noncellular layer covering external body wall

Front 51

cladistics

Back 51

classification system in which scientists attempt to organize organisms based on evolutionary relationships

Front 52

clade

Back 52

nested groups of animals with smaller groups contained within larger groups; descendents all contain unique derived characteristics that distinguish them but also some ancestral characteristics which they share with other groups

Front 53

monophyletic

Back 53

grouping that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Front 54

parsimonious

Back 54

fewest changes in derived characters among clades

Front 55

adaptation

Back 55

trait that enhances evolutionary fitness and that arose as a result of natural selection

Front 56

chloragogen cells

Back 56

[annelida] cells function in glycogen storage and detoxification

Front 57

typhlosole

Back 57

[annelida] prominent fold in the dorsal wall of intestine that increases surface area

Front 58

mantle

Back 58

[mollusca] thin skin-like structure that encloses internal organs and secretes external skeleton

Front 59

foot

Back 59

[mollusca] muscular locomotory structure used for creeping, crawling, grabbing, and burrowing

Front 60

radula

Back 60

[mollusca] ribbon-like string with many rows of multi-cusped teeth used for scraping, tearing, harpooning, and boring; teeth are constantly secreted

Front 61

ctenidium

Back 61

[mollusca] structures used for gas exchange and filter feeding; feather-like shape with many blood vessels

Front 62

shell

Back 62

[mollusca] external skeleton protecting the soft parts of the animal made of calcium carbonate

Front 63

[mollusca] external clam anatomy

Back 63

anterior end is shorter than posterior end

Front 64

[mollusca] digestive system

Back 64

ctenidia beat and pull water into mantle through inhalant siphon where water is sorted/transferred to mouth through labial palps. food travels down esophagus to stomach and enters where digestive glands and extracellular digestion occurs. the anus empties into excurrent siphon.

Front 65

[mollusca] excretory system

Back 65

nitrogenous wastes in ammonia form excreted into excurrent siphon by pair of nephridia

Front 66

[mollusca] circulatory / respiratory system

Back 66

open system using hemocyanin (Cu containing pigment) dissolved in plasma. the heart is bright orange and beats rhythmically to create pressure. hemolymph is forced into aorta and carried to tissues which open into cavities. hemolymph is transfered to ctenidia where gas exchange occurs.

Front 67

[mollusca] nervous system

Back 67

poor sense organs and limited cephalization

Front 68

[mollusca] reproductive system

Back 68

mostly dioecious and have gonads that empty gametes into excurrent siphon. fertilization and development occur externally.

Front 69

diversity

Back 69

number of species within a specific lineage

Front 70

disparity

Back 70

the range of anatomical structural variation

Front 71

convergent evolution

Back 71

formation of structures that have similar function (analogous structures)

Front 72

homologous evolution

Back 72

eventual formation of structures from similar developmental structures

Front 73

dorsal vs. ventral

Back 73

toward the back vs. toward the belly

Front 74

medial vs. lateral

Back 74

toward the middle vs. toward the sides

Front 75

anterior vs. posterior

Back 75

the head vs. the back

Front 76

distal vs. proximal

Back 76

away from point vs. toward the point

Front 77

superficial vs. deep

Back 77

on the surface vs. from the surface

Front 78

oral vs. aboral

Back 78

surface with mouth vs. surface away from mouth

Front 79

cephalic vs. caudal

Back 79

toward the head vs. away from the head

Front 80

superior vs. inferior

Back 80

up vs. down

Front 81

radial symmetry

Back 81

symmetrical when divided by many planes

Front 82

[platyhelminthes] excretory system

Back 82

Nitrogenous wastes can float freely between cells and surrounding environment.

Front 83

[platyhelminthes] osmoregulatory system

Back 83

Use of organs that regulate ion balance called PROTONEPHRIDIA

Front 84

protonephridia

Back 84

Found in platyhelminthes that regulate ion balance that controls water balance. They are blind ended tubes that open through pores to outside. Cilia lining the protonephridia create a negative pressure that pulls fluid into the tube.

Front 85

[platyhelminthes] reproductive system

Back 85

asexual = regeneration. mostly monoecious. can also sexually reproduce.

Front 86

Polychaetes

Back 86

segmented bristleworms

Front 87

Oligochaetes

Back 87

earthworms

Front 88

Hirudinea

Back 88

leeches

Front 89

hydraulic skeleton

Back 89

cavity filled with fluid that is acted upon by muscles that results in locomotion

Front 90

metamerism

Back 90

repetition of body parts, found in the repetition of hearts, nephridia, and reproductive organs in annelids

Front 91

setae

Back 91

stiff hair-like projections off the surface of the worm used for traction as the worm moves

Front 92

clitellum

Back 92

conspicuous swelling that extends over several somites (sections); secretes mucus used during reproduction

Front 93

[annelida] locomotion

Back 93

synchronized contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles. contraction of longitudinal muscles widens body. relaxation of longitudinal muscles + contraction of the circular muscles elongates the body

Front 94

[annelida] gastrointestinal tract

Back 94

aka alimentary tract; a long tube which runs through the length of the body

Front 95

[annelida] heart

Back 95

multiple that are dark ring-like structures that encircle the GI tube at the anterior

Front 96

[annelida] reproductive system

Back 96

light-colored and arranged in anterior end around the GI tract

Front 97

[annelida] coelom

Back 97

lined with peritoneum derived from mesoderm; septa separates the segments

Front 98

[annelida] digestive system

Back 98

pharynx -> esophagus -> calciferous glands line the esophagus -> crop -> gizzard -> intestine

Front 99

calciferous glands

Back 99

glands located on the esophagus near the crop that excrete excess calcium for elimination in the feces

Front 100

crop

Back 100

large thin-walled sac that stoers food

Front 101

gizzard

Back 101

thick walled sac where most of the food is fragmented

Front 102

[annelida] circulatory system

Back 102

closed circulatory system; dorsal blood vessels and ring-like hearts contract rhythmically to pump blood through system of closed blood vessels; hemoglobin is dissolved within the blood; no blood cells

Front 103

[annelida] nervous system

Back 103

suprapharyngeal ganglia (brain) -> dorsal ganglia -> ventral ganglia

Front 104

metanephridia

Back 104

elimination of nitrogenous waste; every somite contained a pair; fine-coiled tubes adhering to body wall; opens into coelom by ventral ciliated funnel known as the nephorstome; it empties to exterior by fine pore in ventral body wall called metanephridiopore

Front 105

[annelida] reproductive system

Back 105

hermaphroditic; cross-fertilization occurs; cross exchange of sperm occurs during copulation by entering spermatheca of other worm where it is stored; eggs are produced in ovaries and fertilization is internal

Front 106

seminal vesicles

Back 106

large, rounded masses that overlie the esophagus; contain the small inconspicuous testes and store sperm prior to discharge

Front 107

spermatheca

Back 107

seminal receptacles that are spherical structures that stores sperm before it is used

Front 108

cuticle

Back 108

non-cellular layer that covers external body wall

Front 109

chloragogen cells

Back 109

function in glycogen storage and detoxification

Front 110

typhlosole

Back 110

prominent fold in dorsal wall of intestine that increases surface area

Front 111

mollusca

Back 111

aquatic creatures that are extremely diverse; four common classes; protostome, bilateral symmmetry, coelom, segmentation, cephalization

Front 112

gastropoda

Back 112

slugs and snails

Hint 112

coild shell and twisted body; diverse

Front 113

bivalvia

Back 113

clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops

Hint 113

made of two half-shells connected by a hinge made of elastic tissue; mantle envelops the body, secreting the two valves and forming mantle cavity; no radula; well-developed foot

Front 114

cephalopoda

Back 114

octopus, marine, 1,000 species; two subclasses nautili (external shell) and other subclass (mantle or no shell)

Hint 114

well-developed nervous system with giant nerve cells and thick axons that allow for quick conduction
complex sensory systems and complex behavior
carnivorous
closed circulatory systems
long tentacles with suckers used for seizing / holding prey
poison injected from salivary glands
release ink containing melanin pigment from ink sacs

Front 115

polyplacophora

Back 115

chitons

Front 116

[mollusca] derived features

Back 116

mantle, foot, radula, ctenidium, shell

Front 117

mantle

Back 117

thin skin-like structure enclosing internal organs and secretes the external skeleton; secretes calcerous material

Front 118

foot

Back 118

muscular locomotory strcuture used for creeping, crawling, grabbing, burrowing

Front 119

radula

Back 119

ribbon-like string with rows of multi-cusped teeth that are used for scraping, tearing, harpooning, and boring; new teeth are constantly being secreted

Front 120

ctenidia

Back 120

feather-like veiny structures used for gas exchange and filter-feeding

Front 121

shell

Back 121

external skeleton and protects soft parts of the animal; layers of calcium carbonate

Front 122

operculum

Back 122

present in gastropods, it is a small shell cover used to close off the opening to the shell

Front 123

[bivalvia] digestive system

Back 123

cilia lining ctenidia pulls water containing food into mantle cavity through large inhalant siphon; water is filtered through ctenidia and expelled out through posterior excurrent siphon
food particles transferred by mouth through labial palps
esophagus -> stomach -> digestive glands (where most absorption occurs)
indegestible particles pass from stomach into intestine into anus into excurrent siphon

Front 124

[bivalvia] excretory system

Back 124

nitrogenous wastes in form of ammonia are excreted into excurrent siphon by nephridia

Front 125

[bivalvia] circulatory system

Back 125

open system using hemocyanin dissolved in plasma
heart is located dorsally and is bright orange color
hemolymph is forced into aorta and carried to various tissues by vessels which open into cavities
ctenidia is where gas exchange occurs

Front 126

[bivalvia] nervous system

Back 126

poor sense organs and limited cephalization

Front 127

[bivalvia] reproductive system

Back 127

dioecious
gondas empty gametes into excurrent siphon
fertilization is external