Bible And History - Quiz 1

Front 1

3 div of bible

Back 1

1. pentateuch
2. prophets
3. writings

Front 2

one overarching principle uniting bible and Israel

Back 2

do good -> rewarded

do bad -> suffer

Front 3

bereshit

Back 3

the beginning - refers to the topics in genesis

Front 4

topics in genesis (2)

Back 4

1.univ history of mankind
2.patriarchal period

Front 5

stories in patriarchal period

Back 5

adam & eve
obedience of wives/husbands
cain & abel - offerings
flood
abrham

Front 6

significance of flood

Back 6

1st covenant w/ god - will not try to destroy man again bc he's weak

Front 7

Shemot

Back 7

"Names" - name for exodus

Front 8

2 Exodus parts

Back 8

1.bondage
2. exodus

10 commandments given in 2. chapter 20

Front 9

mt sinai

Back 9

mountain in egypt where god delivered 10 com

Front 10

Tabernacle

Back 10

portable mount sinai, people could carry god with them

a temple that could be torn down and rebuilt

Front 11

shofar

Back 11

a horn, sounded to tell ppl to come up to mnt sinai to meet w/ god

Front 12

Vayikra (Lev) 4 part

Back 12

laws of levis, purity, holiness, sacrifice

Front 13

Dereim(Deut) 3parts

Back 13

means book

creation of earth
death of moses
promise land

Front 14

jewish book naming

Back 14

based on first word

Front 15

greek book naming

Back 15

based on theme

Front 16

Hexateuch

Back 16

6 early prophets

joshua
judges
1,2 sam
1,2 kings

Front 17

3 major Later Prophets

Back 17

ezekiel
jeremiah
isaiah

Front 18

3 wisdom books in writings

Back 18

psalms, proverbs, job

Front 19

5 scrolls

Back 19

song of songs
ruth
lamentations
ecclesiastes
esther

Front 20

song of songs

Back 20

love poems

Front 21

ecclesiastes

Back 21

about vanity & wisdom

Front 22

ruth

Back 22

commitment during period of judges

ansestor of david

Front 23

lamantations

Back 23

lement about destruction of 1st temple

Front 24

esther

Back 24

assimilated jewish girl, saves israel

Front 25

ha sefarim

Back 25

"The books" - earliest common term for describing hebrew scripture

Front 26

letter of aristeas

Back 26

uses greek translation of "the books" to describe pentateuch

Front 27

kaneh

Back 27

greek for reed or cain - used as measuring rod

source of term canon

Front 28

defiles hands

Back 28

all books in cannon defile hands, way of saying what was official and what wasn't

Front 29

processs of canonization

Back 29

evidence as early as 2nd melenium bc of widely accepted official members of bible

pent closed - 6th century bc
prophets - 2nd century bc
writing - end of 2nd century bc

Front 30

metamei yadayim

Back 30

hebrew for defiles hands

Front 31

sig of bib references to torah (of moses)

Back 31

name for pentateuch

metnioned in ezra/nehamia (about restoration after babylonian capitivity - now in persian period ~539 bc)

So we know it was closed by 539

Front 32

philen

Back 32

scripture on head and arm (jew tradition)

Front 33

mizzozah

Back 33

scripture on door jam (jew tradition)

Front 34

mishna what and when

Back 34

topically organized collection of oral laws of Judaism, written 200 ad

Front 35

Tosephtha

Back 35

supplemented mishna, written 175 -200 ad

Front 36

tannaim

Back 36

sages who wrote mishna and tosephta

Front 37

ommission of daniel from prophets

Back 37

suggests daniel came about after prophets closed... so must have been closed by 2nd century

Front 38

judith and macabees exclusion from bible

Back 38

came about after it closed, not divinely inspired

Front 39

2 types of biblical lit

Back 39

1. prose - narrative, little dialogue, lots of consecutive verbs

2. poetry - verse has words acting as beats.Second half answers first half. law never put in poetry.

Front 40

ben sira

Back 40

scholar & scribe whos book, sirach, didn't make it in

Front 41

How far back can trace HEBREW manuscripts

Back 41

only about 1k

sig** other translations go back futher

Front 42

septuagint

Back 42

signif - translations go back further than our oldest hebrew mss

3rd cen bc

the oldest greek version of old test, written for Ptomely the Second (285-247)
the seventy - named for 70 elders who ascended sinai w/ moses

not perfectly consistant w/ MT, has several books not canonized and other books w/ additions (eg esther is 2x as long)

Front 43

LLX

Back 43

abrev for septuagint

Front 44

Letter of Aristeas

Back 44

corrier for ptolemy 2nd

describes to friend philocrates the eye witness account of translation of torah into greek by 72 scribes in diff rooms -> all came w/ same translation

story has some fiction, but places a date on septuagint 2nd cen bce. older than oldest hebrew mss

Front 45

targums

Back 45

originally paraphrasing of ot produced for aramaic speeking jews who were loosing hebrew

There are 2 official
* Targum Onkelos on the Torah (The Law)
* Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel on the Nevi'im (The Prophets)

Talmud explicitly states that no official targumim were composed besides these two on Torah and Nevi'im alone, and that there is no official targum to Ketuvim

Front 46

HAGIOGRAPHA

Back 46

name for writings

Front 47

Sanhedrin

Back 47

jewish court

Front 48

2 decisions after destruction of second temple -- when

Back 48

in 70 ad, the jewish court met in YAVNEH decided

1. could pray directly

2. bible closed

Front 49

ECCLESIASTICUS

Back 49

another name for sirach, or wisdom of ben sira

didn't make it in

Front 50

current status of septuagint

Back 50

jews don't use it anymore

became official text of greek orthodox church

Front 51

babylonian talmud - signif - gives account of story similar to?

Back 51

sig b/c gives remarkably similar account to letter of aristeas

Front 52

er

Back 52

er

Front 53

aramaic targum

Back 53

oldest targum, dating to mid 2nd cen bc

needeb bc last centuries bc many spoke aramaic

translation considered innovation, encountered some resistance

may go back to time of ezra/nehamia w/ reference to obsure hebrew in torah

Front 54

Philo

Back 54

philosopher in alexandria who recorded synagogue as place for studying torah, not prayer.

They would read, translate, then discuss

**these oral translations and discussions were first steps toward written translation. because of the tradition of interpretation, many targums include mishradic expansions

Front 55

Targum Onkelos

Back 55

considered OFFICIAL targum for torah (Law)

very systematic translation, word for word replace hebrew w/ aramaic

had an agenda:
1. remove all Anthropomorphic terms for god
2. changed meanings to reflect better on god
3. avoid direct use of god name
4. make patriarchs look good
5. omit rhetorical questions
6. varried duplicate words in sentence
7. provide w/ rabbinic commentary

Front 56

Targum Jonathan

Back 56

OFFICIAL targum for nevi'im (prophets)

very similar to onkelos style, but looser

Front 57

Targum of Torah – Palestine

Back 57

targums that existed which weren't official, often fragmented

the palestine targum is the oldest for the torah

Front 58

Qumran

Back 58

11 caves near Dead Sea, where scrolls discovered

very pious ppl lived there

very dry and hot. lived in caves. dry heat preserved texts

Front 59

Josephus

names of texts

Back 59

jewish military leader who surrendered in roman wars

wrote aniquities of the jews
and
the jewish wars

wrote about 3 sects

Front 60

josephus 3 sects

Back 60

sadducees

pharisees

essenes

Front 61

sadducees

Back 61

REJECTED idea of afterlife, angels, and resurection

great wealth which was used for political power

thought god not concerned w/ mans actions

Front 62

Pharisees

Back 62

most opposite of sadducees

wealth in this life indicated God blessed a person and poverty was a curse as a result of sin.

sect believed in eternal soul, angels, reward/punishment of deeds, freedom of will, resurection,
sage law interpretation

Front 63

Essenes

Back 63

very similar to pharisees, but more elitist

3 years to be full member

LIVED ALONG DEAD SEA NW EDGE

Priestly Aaronic Messiah and a Kingly Messiah

poor but thought of themselves as wealthy, very content w/ little

verrrry pious

daily bathing
celibacy
fixed prayer

jewish and romans found them pecular

Front 64

why essenes chose desert

Back 64

jeremiah a verse says Israel's start in desert was glorious

Front 65

stats on qumran findings

Back 65

over 1k mss

800 from bible

all bible books found save Ester

mostly in square script w/ some paleo hebrew

dates of scrolls 150 bc - 70 ad

most bibilical scrolls to 2nd century bc

Front 66

finding scrolls
-who
-which cave best

Back 66

bedoin sheep herder

best cave was first one

Front 67

jubilees dss

Back 67

found @ qumran, gives solar calendar w/ completely different holidays that essens may have celebrated

Front 68

temple scroll

Back 68

one of longest dss

describes jewish temple plans (never used), regulations and practices

written as revelation from God to moses

may have thought soloman should actually have built the temple in this way

Front 69

masor

Back 69

to transmit

Front 70

2 scribe practices to reduce errors

Back 70

1. copy from existing text
2. version not authorized removed from circulation

Front 71

massoretic text

Back 71

official hebrew text from which all modern translations are derived

has always been idea of masoretic text (mentioned in aristeas letter and talmud)

dss most closely align w/ it than any other (eg vs septuagint)

Front 72

codex

Back 72

bound book rather than scroll

Front 73

moses ben asher codex

when? (recent)

Back 73

asher was scribe, wrote in 895 ad

oldest hebrew mss w/ complete text of prophets

found in karaite synagogue in cairo

Front 74

keter

Aleppo Codex

oldest full what

date (pretty recent)

Back 74

also called KETER - crown

929 AD, oldest copy of full bible

accords w/ dss

Front 75

dss vs mt

Back 75

several families of text from 2nd century bc

in spit of all families, match very closely w/ MT

Front 76

2 silver amulets from tomb

Back 76

600 bc, have excerpt from numbers

** oldest piece of bible

Front 77

septuagint vs mt

Back 77

sept:

esther is 2x as long
jeremiah much shorter (have found hebrew texts that match it though, perhaps mt contains additions)
samuel somewhat shorter

Front 78

Kidron Valley

Back 78

in israel, where silver amulets found

Front 79

halakhic letter

Back 79

letter from qumran sect to jurasalem detailing their practices and telling them they disagree w/ theirs and they should follow the essene ways

describes essen practices in detail

Front 80

significance of mosaic authorship

Back 80

moses would have had an eye witness account of bondage & exodus making it very reliable

Front 81

the torah of moses

Back 81

name used to describe pent as early as persian period. supports mosaic auth

name also used in ezra & nehemia

Front 82

exodus and levit on moses auth

Back 82

both say, in 3rd that he wrote the LAW

might assume moses wrote all the law

Front 83

Decalogue

Back 83

the 10 commandments, found in ex and deut

Front 84

narrative motivates law

Back 84

1st comm, took you out of egypt, have no gods before me

see the law as dependent on narrative, suggests written simultaneously. so if moses wrote one, likely wrote other

law emph compassion, draws from bondage examples

Front 85

parity treaty

Back 85

treaty between equal parties

Front 86

vasal treaty

Back 86

treaty between superior and inferior

ex - treaty btw egypt and hitites, where egypt was sup. Parallels treaty btw god and man w/ ten comm

Front 87

thomas hobbes

Back 87

brit philosopher, wrote leviathin, critisizing mosaic authorship

thought he wrote what bible credits him for, nothing else

one of first critics

Front 88

Benidict Spinoza

Back 88

dutch philosopher who criticisized full mosaic auth systematically in theological tractate

Front 89

theological tractate

Back 89

text by spinoza, asserts moses didn't write pent, ezra did

Front 90

Jean Astruc

Back 90

doctor, wrote conjectures about memoires moses used to write pent, first suggestion of DOC HYPOTH

in 18th century, he hoped to refute crit of spinoza and hobbes in 17th

ended up convincing most that moses didn't write it

Front 91

3 args of astruc

Back 91

1. shifting names of god: yahweh, elohim

2. duplication of narrative w/ inconsist (joseph sold to diff tribes)

3. chronological confusion - 3 slave generations... or 400 years of slavery?

Front 92

documentary hypothesis

Back 92

pent derived from independent docs which were combined/edited into current state by redactor(s)

Front 93

19th century doc hyp (3 strands + redactor)

Back 93

3 major strands & editor who pulled together

1. P -priestly strand - geneolgoy,covenants,worship,

2. two docs combined for narrative
2.1 J - jaweh
2.2 E -elohim

3. D - deut, added later, own source

R- redactor - in time of ezra, maybe ezra, pulled together

Front 94

Julius Wellhausen

Back 94

used principals to order 19th century hypoth

P - latest, complex, and in nature simple precedes complex

thought P done after jeuresalem destroyed in 586

D - tied to end of 7th century bc King Josiah

Front 95

King Josiah

Back 95

wellhausen thought he did Deuteronomy

He went around destroying all rural temples


wanted central worship in israel, and only Deuteronomy has focus, so he is credited w/ writing deuteronomy

Front 96

berrsheba

Back 96

king josiah destroyed temple -> became stove houses

Front 97

centrality of worship

Back 97

what josiah wanted, why he destroyed temples

Front 98

signif of wellhausen

Back 98

genisis not historical, retrogression written later, faking facts

says it tells more about 1st mellenium bc (when supposedly written) than 2nd when it pretends to be

beleived desert nomads model for patriarchs

Front 99

ur of caldese

Back 99

abraham said to come from there, but caldese wasn't around yet...

**supports wellhausen

Front 100

domesticated camels

Back 100

may not have existed in time of narratives where mentioned

** suports wellhausen

Front 101

complex rituals

Back 101

anthro shows many primitive socieites to have very complex rituals. undermines wellhausen simple->complex rule

Front 102

reliable oral tradition

Back 102

anthro shows it to exist, underimines wellhausen theory that time of writing was origin of idea

Front 103

names and lifestyle in 2nd mellinium bc

Back 103

consistant w/ names and lifestyle of patriarchs.. suggests story accurate and wellhausen wrong

Front 104

contemporary view on trusting bible for history

libowitz

Back 104

can't trust bible for reconstruction of history

libowitz thinks outlines of narrative can be trusted - anylizing bib text and extra bib texts

Front 105

do israel map

Back 105

do it

Front 106

extra biblical evidence support distinct patriarchal period

Back 106

1. Names - 2nd vs 1st are different. Bible patriarchs have 2nd mell names

2. the names are distinct in biblical and extra biblical sources to that period

Front 107

Philistines

Back 107

dealt w/ by abraham & isaac in text, but they come in 12th cen bc, while abraham in 18th

support arg of fictional patriarchal period

Front 108

Chgar Bazar

Back 108

18th century txt in syria w/ name JACOB

supports 2nd mel name theory

Front 109

theophoric names

Back 109

names formed: noun + verb

common in 1st mel bc, not 2nd... the patriarchs names aren't theophoric, supports distinct patriarchal prd

Front 110

hyksos

Back 110

asiatic ppl invaded egypt in 2nd mel

one ruler named jacov

supports 2nd mel names

Front 111

mores

Back 111

traditions invented in patriarchal narrative prior to settlement

mores of patriarchs have parallels w/ mores of mar town

Front 112

mari

Back 112

town in 2nd millennium bc where

sacrificial & treaty

MORES paralleled patriarchs

cut animal in half for covenant making. parties to treaty walk btwn halves.

genesis 15:9-10 abraham divides several animals in half, and god promises him land and offspring. flaming torch (god) passes through pieces - only god making promises here

Front 113

progeny

Back 113

offspring (eg - those promised to abraham)

Front 114

Melchizedek

Back 114

king of Salem brought abraham sacrifice when he returned w/ Lot after saving him from captivity

abraham gave him a tithe - showing he thinks he's a legit priest

Front 115

Nuzi

Back 115

city w/ FAMILY traditions matching those of patriarchs

1. slaves adopted when no sons. if sons came then sons became heirs instead

**much like abraham in genesis

2. childless wife had to find husb concubine - just as sarah did w/ hagar

3. birthright of oldest son - double portion of inheritence

matches issac and jacob story

Front 116

sacred stone

Back 116

setup in by jacob in sacred area (2nd m)

1st m - deut says god hates sacred stones

Front 117

marrying wifes sister

Back 117

jacob marrys leah, but wants sister rachel

lev prohibits marrying wifes sister while wife alive

Front 118

marry half sister

Back 118

abraham wife is half sister

lev prohibits marrying half sister

Front 119

lack of heroism in patriarchs

Back 119

abraham just says wife is his sister to avoid death

supports idea of authentic story. fiction would be more heroic

Front 120

hazor

Back 120

area where Canaanite temple burned by joshua, had statues w/ hands raised to air (praying)

Front 121

Battle of Megiddo

Back 121

4 vs 5 kings, notable for names of 15th century (2nd mill) style

Front 122

lesson from bondage experience

Back 122

compassion - point of any religion, definitely Judaism

Front 123

did bondage happen?

Back 123

no extrabiblical support

plenty of references in bible

Front 124

slave population explosion

Back 124

god fullfilling promise to abraham (miracle)

problem for pharo

hebrew describes them as swarming like crawling creatures

Front 125

pharos 3 attempts to stop slave pop growth

Back 125

1. put slave drivers over them
2. had midwives kill males secretly (but midwives sympathized w/ jews)
3. open homicide of any male child

Front 126

moses hebrew name

Back 126

never used, unkown

forever called by egyptian name to honor pharo's daughter who saved him

Front 127

mose

Back 127

egyptian for "give birth to", suggests possibly accurate since its a legit egyptian name

Front 128

pithom & ramseys

Back 128

2 cities mentioned in ex ch 1

pithum -> per atum - house of egyptian god atum

ramseys -> house of ramses

Front 129

phinehas & hophni

Back 129

real egyptian names of pithom & ramsesy

Front 130

2 types of bible law

Back 130

1. apodictic - do this, don't do this

2. casuistic - case law - in case you do such and such, handle it in manner

Front 131

abraham separates from lot

Back 131

their herdsmen didn't get along. lot went east into jordan

Front 132

1st covenant

Back 132

after lot leaves abraham, god gives abraham all land he can see and promises tons of descendants

Front 133

babylonian talmud

Back 133

w/ septuagint, makes is 2nd most important translation

499 ce writing finished

in hebrew and aramaic


contains mishna and gemara

Front 134

mishna

Back 134

first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions

Front 135

gemara

Back 135

300 years worth of study of mishna

Front 136

Megillah

Back 136

tractate of mishna about esther

sig: may read in greek only if don't know hebrew

shows mishna auth understood need for translation