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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pwd
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Present Working Directory
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Main features of Unix
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Multi-User, Multi-tasking, Portability
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What does the Kernel do?
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Schedules taks, manages data/file access and storage, enforces security mechanisms, and performs all hardware access.
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What are the four basic Shells?
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Bourne Shell, Korn Shell, C-shell, and Bourne-Again Shell
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The purpose of Shell?
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Presents each user with a prompt, executes user commands, and supports a custom environment for each user. (Talks to the Kernel directly)
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/etc
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System administration and configuration files.
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Relative path
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Allows you to take shortcuts to access files rather than specifying.
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Absolute Path
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Uniquely identifies a file by providing the full pathname of the file beginning with the root "/" directory.
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/etc/passwd
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Contains all the users and their account information.
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/etc/shadow
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Contains password encryption and password aging.
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/etc/inetd.conf
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Internet daemon setup file.
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/opt
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Contains additional packages and optional 3rd party software.
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which
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Shows path for executing commands.
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clear
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Clears screen.
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cal
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Displays calendar.
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/bin
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Binary. Contains executable programs used at the command line ie ls, mkdir, cp.
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/dev
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Block and device files. Some systems will have subdirectories containing device files.
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/proc
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Contains processes used by the system.
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/tmp
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Contains files used by the system.
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/sbin
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Contains programs utilized by to boot the system.
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/export/home
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Where users' home directory resides.
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mkdir
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Creates directory
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rmdir
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Removes an EMPTY directory.
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more
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Displays the file contents one screen at a time.
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cat
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displays the file on the screen
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tail
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Displays last few lines of a file.
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head
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Displays first few lines of a file.
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Anatonomy of a UNIX command.
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Command, option switch, argument.
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man
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Displays on-line manual pages about command.
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ls
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Lists the contents of a directory.
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pwd
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Displays the name of the present working directory.
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cd
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Change working directory.
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mv
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Moves or renames files and directories.
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cp
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Copy files.
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rm
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Delete files.
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find
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Locates files having certain characteristics, which you specify.
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grep
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Searches a file or files for lines that contain strings of a certain pattern.
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passwd
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Enables user to change their password or the system administrator to change a user's password.
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chmod
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Changes permissions on a file/directory
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su
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Switch users, used to change from your current user account to another, commonly used to switch to root user to perform functions requiring root privelages.
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useradd
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Adds user via command line interface.
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ps
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Displays status of all active processes that your terminal controls.
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kill
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Entirely eliminates/stops a process.
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tar
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Tape archive utility: used to archive files to tape or disk
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gzip
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Compresses files and saves them with a .qz file extension.
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gunzip
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Decompresses files with the .gz file extension.
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ifconfig
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Used to set the characteristics of the network interface.
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ifconfig pcn0 down/up
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Either brings device down or up.
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ifconfig pcn0
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Displays current interface configuration.
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netstat
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Multi-purpose command to view network status/activity.
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who
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Displays who's logged in.
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whoami
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Displays who your logged in as.
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touch
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Creates a file with nothing in it
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df
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Reports on amount of free disk space available on the specified file system.
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vi
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Provides basic text editing capabilities.
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shutdown -i
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Which run-level to run out.
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shutdown -5
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Shutdowns the system.
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shutdown -6
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Reboots the system.
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shutdown -g
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Shutdown with a grace period.
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shutdown -y
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Tells the system to automatically answer "yes" to all system prompts.
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Run-level 0
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Used to terminate operating system and bring it to PROM firmware prompt, where it is safe to power down.
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Run-level 1
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Single-user/administrative state- Multi-user file systems are available, but multi-user processes, such as those that allow users to log in from terminals outside the console, are not available.
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Run-level 2
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Multi-user state- File systems are started. All facilities except Network File Service (NFS) are available over the network.
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Run-level 3
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Multi-user state mode, including NFS.
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Run-level 4
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User-defined state This state is not defined by the system. Not Used!!!
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Run-level 5
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Used to bring the system to a state where it is safe to power it down, then powers down automatically.
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Run-level 6
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Stop and reboot state- Stops the operating system and reboot.
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Three aspects of vi that make it appealing?
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1. vi is normally supplied with all UNIX systems.
2. vi uses a small amount of memory, which allows efficient operation when the network is busy. 3. vi uses standard alphanumeric keys for commands, you can use it on virtually any terminal or workstation in existence without having to worry about unusual keyboard mappings. |
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What are the two modes of operation for vi?
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Command and input.
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vi command mode
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Characters you type perform actions like moving the cursor, cutting or copying text, or searching for some particular text.
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vi input mode
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You type to insert or overwrite text. When you start vi, it is in command mode.
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vi deletion commands
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1. x - Delete only one character.
2. D - Delete to the end of the line. 3. dd - Delete the current line. |
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vi Insertion commands
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1. i - Insert before cursor
2. I - Insert at beginning of line. 3. o - Insert below current line. 4. a - append, inserts beyond the cursor. |
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vi exit commands
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:w Saves last changes to a file
:q Quits the vi editor :q! Quits vi without saving. :wq Saves and quits. :set nu Will display line numbers for each line. |
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What are the three classes of file permissions?
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Owner, group, and other
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Owner
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The actual owner of the file or directory.
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Group
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Group ownership of the file or directory.
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Other
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All other users on the system.
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What are three permissions?
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r,w,x
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r
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Indicates read permissions for the owner.
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w
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Indicates write permissions for the owner.
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x
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Indicates execute permissions for the owner.
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What are the two main types of backups?
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Full backup and Incremental backup?
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Full backup
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Defined as backing up an entire system's configuration files.
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Incremental backup
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Defined as backing up only the files that have changed since the last full or last incremental backup.
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Two popular backup and restore utilities?
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TAR and DUMP
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DUMP
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Backs up file systems.
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DUMP level 0
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Performs full backups.
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DUMP level 1-9
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Backs up all files altered since previous dump of a lower level.
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Vulnerabilities with UNIX can be broken into what two security concepts?
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Network Based and Host Based
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/etc/inetd.conf
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Contains internet related daemons. ie- telnet, ftp
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What is ASET?
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Automated Security Enhancement Tool. An integrated Solaris software package utilized to enhance host-based security.
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ASET low security does what?
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Performs several checks and reports potential secuirity weaknesses.
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ASET medium security does what?
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Reports security weaknesses and modifications it makes to restrict access.
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ASET high security does what?
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Provides a highly secure system and modifies many settings of system files and parameters.
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ln
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creates a link
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Default permissions for a directory and file?
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Directory 777
File 666 |
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pgrep
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shows you the process ID number
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which
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shows the path of executable of files.
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umask
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Changes the default permissions and is a subtractive value.
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syslog.conf
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syslog configuration file
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syslogd
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system logging daemon
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