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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a molecule?
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Two or more atoms bound together. Basic unit of non-elemental substances
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Normal distributions have the following characteristics?
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mean = mode = median
Approximately: 68% of data points are within about 1 standard deviation of the mean 95% of data points are within 2 standard deviations of the mean |
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What is an Atom? and what is it composed of?
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Basic unit of matter in chemistry. Composed of nucleus & electrons
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What is an Isotope?
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Not every atom of a specific element has the same number of neutrons.
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What is an Ion?
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An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge. The number of electrons are not equal to the number of protons.
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Atomic Number
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Atomic number defines the element
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What is the atomic weight?
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Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
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Definition of a mole? The __ ___ is the mass of one mole of molecules.
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A mole is Avogadro's number in units. 6.02 * 10^23. The gram molecular weight (MW) is the mass of one mole of molecules.
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Molar Concentration
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Moles of Solute
Liters of Solution |
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Valence Electrons
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Electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus. All elements (with the exception of H and He) need 8 e- in the outer shell.
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Electron energy. Electrons located ____ have the most energy?
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Electrons are the nucleus have energy. Electrons closest to the nucleus have the most energy. Electrons furthest from the nucleus have the least energy
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How are atoms bonded together?
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Atoms are bonded together by the sharing or exchanging of electrons
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What is an ionic bond?
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An ionic bond is essentially an exchange of electrons so that an element has 8e- in its outer shell
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What is a covalent bond?
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A covalent bond is a sharing of electrons. The outer e- of the elemat ents are shared between the atoms to fill the outer electron shell.
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What are endothermic reactions
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Endothermic reactions are heat absorbing
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What are exothermic reactions?
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Exothermic reactions are heat producing
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Acid pH ?
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Acid: pH > 7.0
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Base pH ?
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Base: pH < 7.0 (also known as alkaline).
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What is the concept of partial pressure?
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The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressure of each gas.
Pt = P1 + P2....+ Pn |
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Alkanes have ____ bonds
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Single bonds
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Alkenes have ___ bonds
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Double bonds
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Alkynes have ___ bonds?
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Triple bonds.
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Aromatic hydrocarbons have ?
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At least one benzene rings
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Halogenated hydrocarbons
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Halogenated hydrocarbons have at least on substituted halogen (F, Br, Cl, l)
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What law is this?
Solubility of gas is directly proportional to pressure maintained in the gas equilibrium with the solution. |
Henry's Law
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What law describes diffusion?
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Fick's Law
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STP for chemistry
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Temp: 0°C /273 K
Pressure: 760 mmHg |
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STP for IH
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Temp: 25°C/298K
Pressure: 760 mmHg |
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STP for ventilation
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Temp: 70°F/530°R
Pressure: 29.92 inHg |
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What is an ion?
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An ion is an molecule with an electrical charge. The number of electrons ≠ number of protons.
Hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right). |
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Hydrocarbons
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Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
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Aliphatic
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Saturated compounds
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Aromatic
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Compounds include a benzene ring.
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What is molar volume?
What is the standard molar volume for an ideal gas @ STP? |
The volume occupied by a mole of gas at STP is nearly the same for all gases.
For an ideal gas, the standard molar volume is 22.4L (STP: 0C and 760 torr) |
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Accuracy
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The agreement of a measured value to the accepted reference value.
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Bias
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The difference between a measured value and the true value.
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What factors influence the selection of methods for sampling and analysis?
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The accuracy required.
The LOD required. Environmental conditions - interfering compounds, temperature and humidity. Availabilty of required analytical capability. |
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IH analytical techniques for organic substances (5)
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GC
GC/MS HPLC UV/visble spectrophotometry IR spectrophotometry |
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IH analytical techniques for inorganic substances
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Gravimetric analysis
Microscopy - asbestos Ion Chromatography (IC) UV/visble spectrophotometry IR spectrophotometry Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)* Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)* Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)* Mass Spectrometry X-ray Diffraction (XRF) - silica * = metals |
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Mimum sample volume (m3)
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eq
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Minimum sample time (min)
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eq
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Atomic number
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Number of protons.
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Atomic mass
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Number of protons + neutrons.
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