Baddeley Et Al. (2009). Memory. Chapter Review.

Front 1

Digit Span

Back 1

Number of digits sequentially read out that can be recalled in correct order.

Front 2

Working Memory Span

Back 2

Memory span task which requires simultaneous storage and processing.

Front 3

Chunking

Back 3

The process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of LTM.

Front 4

The Peterson Task

Back 4

Short-term forgetting task with a delay filled by a mask before subsequent recall.

Front 5

Free Recall

Back 5

Direct/Explicit: Memory test which requires un-ordered recall of items.

Front 6

Primacy Effect

Back 6

A tendency for the FIRST few items in a list to be well recalled (rehearsal theory).

Front 7

Recency Effect

Back 7

A tendency for the LAST few items in a list to be well recalled.

Front 8

Long-term Recency

Back 8

A tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long-term memory.

Front 9

Phonological Loop

Back 9

Baddeley and Hitch: The temporary storage of verbal information (memory span).

Front 10

Phonological Similarity Effect

Back 10

Phonological Loop: When words are similar in sound memory span decreases.

Front 11

Articulatory Suppression

Back 11

Phonological Loop: Disrupts verbal rehearsal by requiring participant to continually repeat a spoken item.

Front 12

Word Length Effect

Back 12

A tendency for memory span to decrease with longer words.

Front 13

Nonsense Syllables

Back 13

Meaningless consonant-vowel-consonant items meant to avoid the complicating of meaning.

Front 14

Irrelevant Sound Effect

Back 14

Phonological Loop: Impaired by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including speech or music.

Front 15

Double-dissociation

Back 15

When two patients show opposite patterns of deficit, e.g. normal STM/impaired LTM, and normal LTM/impaired STM.

Front 16

Corsi block tapping

Back 16

Visuo-spatial STM: Tester taps in a sequence of blocks and patient attempts to copy.

Front 17

Visuo-spatial STM

Back 17

The short retention of visual and/or spatial information.

Front 18

Spatial Memory Distinction

Back 18

Visuo-spatial STM: The 'where' information.

Front 19

Object Memory Distinction

Back 19

Visuo-spatial STM: The 'what' information.

Front 20

Working Memory (WM)

Back 20

This is the system which allows our processing of the environment, requiring both storage and processing.

Front 21

Attention Blink

Back 21

Attention limitation test: If there is not a large enough gap between items participants don't miss them.

Front 22

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971): Modal Model

Back 22

Environmental input -> Sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic) -> STM/WM (output comes from here) <=> LTM

Front 23

Levels of Processing

Back 23

Craik and Lockhart: Items that are more deeply processed (Lexical Decision task, "is X a word?") will be better remembered.

Front 24

Central Executive (CE)

Back 24

An attentionally limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems.

Front 25

Baddeley and Hitch (1974): Working Memory Model

Back 25

Visuo-spatial Sketchpad <=> Central Executive <=> Phonological Loop

Front 26

Phonological Loop

Back 26

WM Model: The system responsible for temporary storing speech-information.

Front 27

Visuo-spatial Sketchpad

Back 27

WM Model: The system responsible for temporary maintaining visuo-spatial information.

Front 28

Image Manipulation

Back 28

The mental processing of physical objects, allowing manipulation within one's mind.

Front 29

Semantic Coding

Back 29

Processing an item in terms of meaning, hence relating to other information stored in LTM.

Front 30

Episodic Coding

Back 30

Processing an item in terms of contextual cues, hence relating to other information stored in LTM.

Front 31

Nonword Repetition Test

Back 31

A test which requires participants to repeat back an ever increasing non-word until they cannot.

Front 32

Logie (1995): Working Memory Model

Back 32

SIimilar to Baddeley and Hitch's but renames the subsystems and suggests all interactions are always fed by LTM.

Front 33

Episodic Buffer

Back 33

Baddeley and Hitch: Part of their WM model, suggesting an interaction with LTM to bolster memory.

Front 34

Visual Cache

Back 34

Logie: WM model, a counterpart to the traditional Phonological Loop (inner speech), maintained by the inner scribe.

Front 35

Supervisory Attentional System (SAS)

Back 35

Attention component of the WM model proposed by Norman and Shallice.

Front 36

Confabulation

Back 36

Recollection of something that did not happen.

Front 37

Binding

Back 37

Refers to the linking of features into objects (semantic), or of events into episodes (episodic).

Front 38

Inhibition

Back 38

The suppression of activities (i.e., rehearsal).

Front 39

Inhibition, Retroactive

Back 39

The impairment of new memories by earlier memories.

Front 40

Inhibition, Proactive

Back 40

The impairment of memories by new memories.

Front 41

Resource Sharing

Back 41

Use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities.

Front 42

Task Switching

Back 42

A process where a limited capacity system (CE) maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them.

Front 43

Attention Switch

Back 43

Switching attention markedly slows performance, particularly when participants need to 'remember' to switch.

Front 44

Long-term Working Memory

Back 44

The concept of LTM helping WM to maintain complex cognitive activities (e.g., like when testing mathematicians on digit span).

Front 45

Spatial Working Memory

Back 45

System involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location.

Front 46

Object Memory

Back 46

System that temporarily retains information concerning visual features such as colour and shape.

Front 47

Working Memory Capacity (WMC)

Back 47

A measure of how much someone can process. Relates to the CE and STM as well as attention.

Front 48

Stroop Test

Back 48

WMC: A congruency test (e.g., participants must name the colour a word is written in with each word a colour name).

Front 49

N-back Test

Back 49

WMC: A string of letters are presented, participants must identify when a target letter was repeated 'N' letters ago.

Front 50

Cocktail-party Test

Back 50

WMC: Two phonological channels: 1) must be monitored; 2) nonsense. High WMC meant participants heard their name less when presented in nonsense channel.

Front 51

WM and Depression

Back 51

Those who are depressed often have lower WMC which means their minds wonder (rumination).

Front 52

Rumination

Back 52

Intrusive thoughts or negative thoughts of the past or future.

Front 53

Retrieval

Back 53

The use of cues to recover and bring to consciousness a target memory.

Front 54

Activation level

Back 54

The level of which a memory is accessible due to attention on associated cues. Increasing ease of retrieval.

Front 55

Encoding specific principle

Back 55

The higher the specificity of a cue with a memory the higher the likelihood/ease of retrieval.

Front 56

Retrieval mode

Back 56

Episodic memory: We have to be thinking of the 'right time' for retrieval. Association: Right Prefrontal Cortex.

Front 57

Context cues

Back 57

Retrieval cues pertaining to the conditions during encoding or decoding; such as spatial or temporal contexts.

Front 58

Direct/explicit memory

Back 58

Episodic memory: Conscious retrieval of a target memory dependent on contextual cues.

Front 59

Direct/explicit memory tests

Back 59

The retrieval of particular episodic memories requiring contextual cues.

Front 60

Memory test-type: Free recall

Back 60

Direct/explicit, "Recall studied items in any order."

Front 61

Memory test-type: Cued recall

Back 61

Direct/explicit, "What word did you study together with leap?"

Front 62

Memory test-type: Forced-choice recognition

Back 62

Direct/explicit, "Which did you study: ballet or monk?"

Front 63

Memory test-type: Yes/no recognition

Back 63

Direct/explicit, "Did you study ballet?"

Front 64

Indirect/implicit memory

Back 64

The retrieval of a memory which lacks any contextual cues. Relating to 'General knowledge'.

Front 65

Indirect/implicit memory tests

Back 65

Requires subject to recall associated memories and logically deduce the answer. General knowledge testing.

Front 66

Memory test-type: Lexical decision

Back 66

Indirect/implicit, "Is ballet a word? Is mokn a word?"

Front 67

Memory test-type: Word fragment completion

Back 67

Indirect/implicit, "Fill in the missing letters to form a word: b-l-e-."

Front 68

Memory test-type: Word stem completion

Back 68

Indirect/implicit, "Fill in the missing letters with anything that fits: bal."

Front 69

Memory test-type: Conceptual fluency

Back 69

Indirect/implicit, "Name all the dance types you can."

Front 70

Repetition priming

Back 70

Indirect/implicit: enhanced level of activation due to repeated exposure to a cue.

Front 71

Context-dependent memory

Back 71

Memory benefits when context cues are the same during decoding as they were during encoding.

Front 72

Mood-congruent memory

Back 72

The contextual cue of mood has been shown to improve all memories with the same associated mood.

Front 73

Mood-dependent memory

Back 73

Similarity between the mood during encoding and mood during decoding results in higher retrieval.

Front 74

Reconstructive Memory

Back 74

An active retrieval process by which gaps are filled based on background knowledge.

Front 75

Recognition memory

Back 75

Episodic memory: The process which allows us to decide whether we have encountered a stimulus in a particular context before.

Front 76

Signal theory

Back 76

Similar to Activation Level, if the stimulus does not ascertain enough signal strength, exceeding a particular level then the stimulus is deemed 'new'.

Front 77

Familiarity-based recognition

Back 77

Indirect/implicit: fast and automated recognition of stimuli based on its signal strength.

Front 78

Recollection

Back 78

Direct/explicit: The deliberate recognition of a memory based upon the retrieval of contextual cues.

Front 79

Dual-process theories of recognition

Back 79

Recognition includes both indirect, (fast) and direct (slow) processes, both familiarity and recollection processes.

Front 80

Remember/know procedure

Back 80

Tests meant to gauge whether participants are retrieving memories through indirect or direct processes. Based on whether stimuli has contextual information or is simply familiar.

Front 81

Process dissociation procedure (PDP)

Back 81

Two groups. One asked to recall both visual and oral stimuli. Other asked only the oral. Any visual stimuli recalled by the other group has been mistaken for oral (recall based on familiarity).

Front 82

Sourcing monitoring

Back 82

Process of determining the contextual origins of a memory in order to better categorize consciously.