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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 4 avian zoonotic diseases in Aus |
-Salmonellosis -Camplyobacteriosus -Psittacosis -Avian Tuberculosis (mycobacterium complex) |
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Name 4 common diseases in hand raised joeys and treatments |
-Candidiasis: nystatin -Coccidiosis: supportive therapy, tribrissen -Bacterial enteritis (salmonella/e.coli): enro, clav, amikacin -Bloat: sx, supportive, mylanta |
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Treatment for candidiasis in joeys |
Nystatin |
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Zoonotic disease in reptiles |
Atypical Mycobacteria (not complex = TB) |
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Name 2 zoonotic disease from macaques and how is it transmitted and clin signs? |
-Herpes B: macaque is natural host. transmission via direct contact/aersol/broken skin. CS = neuro signs, vesicles/skin lesions -Hepatitis B: transmission via: direct contact with infected blood, saliva, repro fluids. CS = jaundice, mild flu |
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What are some zoonotic disease we can get from bats? |
-Australian Bat Lyssavirus -Rabies (not in aus) -Hendra virus (via horses) |
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What zoonotic disease can we get from wombats? |
-Sarcoptic mange |
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How do you treat sarcoptic mange in wombats? |
ascaricide shampoo if in captivity ivermectic/moxidectin if very severe = euthanasia |
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What temperature should you house each species in if they're sick? (birds/adult mammals/furred juvenile/furless young/monotreme/reptiles/amphibians/insectivorous bats) |
Healthy animals = 25 C Monotreme: 22 C Insectivorous bats: 25 C Adult Mammal: 28 C Furred Juvenile: 32 C Birds: 31-32 C with 50-70% humidity Furless young: 35 C reptiles/amphibians: PBT |
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Butorphanol should be used for analgesia for who/not for who? |
NOT for reptiles. Good for birds = they have many kappa-receptors |
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Inclusion Body Disease: clin signs, transmission, dx, tx |
Highly contagious: direct contact/contaminated faeces/indirect via mites CS: tremors, blindness, neuro symptoms Dx: oral + cloacal swab for PCR, biopsy, may see inclusion bodies on blood smears Tx: NONE = fatal in all once clin signs develop |
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Antibiotics in snakes |
Ceftazidime Enrofloxacin --> tissue necrosis. dilute. |
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Analgesia in snakes |
meloxicam, carprofen, buprenorphine, morphine |
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Venepuncture in snakes |
ventral coccygeal vein palatine vein in larger snakes cardiac puncture put in Li-heparin tubes for CBC + biochem |
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venepuncture in lizards |
ventral coccygeal vein ventral abdominal vein (larger lizards) |
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how do you treat MBD |
-correct husbandry: uv/gutload insects -supportive therapy: fluids, supplements, warmth, UV -supplements: oral Ca, vit D3 injection, calcitonin injection may take up to 6mths. |
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Periodontal disease is common in? because? leads to? |
Dragons + chaemeleons because of simple acrodont dentition. dental disease rapidly leads to osteomyelitis of the jaw. |
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What causes Gout in lizards? |
-Dehydration -high protein diet = increased uric acid production -kidney failure -low ambient temp |
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How do you diagnose gout in lizards? |
-elevated P = indicates renal disease -may not see elevated uric acid. BUN and creatinine not useful in reptiles. |
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Treatment for gout? |
-decrease protein in diet to decrease serum uric acid levels -rehydrate with fluid therapy to promote urate excretion -manage consequence e.g. arthritis (remove crystals from joints, analgesia/anti-inflamms) px = gaurded |
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What treatment should you avoid in reptiles with parasitic infections? can use what? |
ivermectin = toxic treat mites with pyrethrin |
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What are the different parts of a chelonian's shell |
-Carapace: dorsal shell -Plastron: ventral shell -Bridge: lateral shell connecting carapace and plastron -Scutes: overlays bone, shed periodically. |
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Venepuncture in chelonians |
-jugular vein (long necked tortoises) -coccygeal vein -subcarapacial (blind technique) -dorsal cervical sinus |
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Antibiotic choices in chelonians |
-ceftazidime -enrofloxacin -amikacin |
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why are chelonians prone to pneumonia |
-dorsal entry of trachea -compartmentalised lungs -large intrapulmonary potential space -inability to cough |
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Poor prognosis of shell fracture if: |
-multiple mobile shell fragments -fracture in region of vertebrae -major disruption of pleuroperitoneum --> coelomic contamination and infection -associated visceral trauma or girdle fractures -debilitated animals with chronic lesions |
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How do you treat a shell fracture? |
-heat -fluids -manage as an open wound -dry dock: place in water q 3days for feeding, hydration, and defecation. -analgesia -systemic antibiotics |
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Ddx for nasal discharge in chelonians |
-Hypovitaminosis A -Sinusitis -Mycoplasmosis |
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Corneal lipidosis vs keratitis in amphibians |
Corneal lipidosis
-related to diet: high cholesterol and changes in metabolism in captivity -no Tx -Dx: no stain uptake, bilateral Keratitis: -husbandry related -can stop progression -dx: stain uptake |
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Bacterial diseases in amphibians. Dx + Tx |
-bacterial septicaemia: C+S swab surface lesions/lymph Tx: gentamicin/amikacin/enrofloxacin -mycobacteriosis: Dx: histopath/microscopy, culture Tx: address underlying cause -chytrid: Dx: microscopy skin scraping toes/innerthighs/ventral abdomen, histopath, PCR Tx: itraconazole bath |
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Sedation in macropods |
diazepam |
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injectable anaesthesia in macropods |
-Zoletil |
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venepuncture sites for macropods, bandicoots/bilbies, wombats, koalas, possum |
Macropods/possums = lateral tail vein, cephalic vein, medial saphenous vein Bandicoots = femoral vein, Bilbies = lateral tail vein Koalas = cephalic, lateral saphenous, femoral, jugular Wombats = cephalic, saphenous, femoral |
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What antibiotics should you avoid in marsupials? |
Ringtail possums: broad spectrum --> gut dysfunction amoxicillin --> caecal stasis Koalas: Tetracyclines/erythromycin --> ileus, wasting, death |
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Dx of exertional myopathy in macropods |
-massively elevated blood CK, AST, BUN, creatinine, K+ -myoglobinuria |
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Tx for exertional myopathy |
-aggressive fluid therapy -Vit E/Se -sedatives (diazepam) -muscle relaxant (dantrolene) -cooling if hyperthermic |
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Tx for toxoplasmosis in macropods |
-clindamycin |
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Treatment for lumpy jaw in macropods |
-sx debridement -clindamycin/oxytetracycline |
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Tx for cryptococcus |
-itraconzaole |
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Tx for chlamydophila in koala? |
-chloramphenicol |
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Name all the pinnipeds |
Otariids -eared seals Phocids -true seal (leopard/elephant) Odobenidae -walrus |
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Name all the cetaceans |
Odotoceti
-toothed whales: fish eaters --dolphins/killer whales Mysticeti -blue whales -humpback whales -Right whales Sirenia -Sea cows: herbivores --Dugongs/Manatees |
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Venipuncture in otariids |
-caudal gluteal vein -interdigital hind flipper vein (trained captive animal) |
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venipuncture in phocids |
-epidural vertebral vein -interdigital hind flipper |
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Venipuncture in cetaceans |
-Dorsal fin vein -caudal vascular bundle of flukes -peduncle -pectoral flipper vein |
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiea is what? found in what species? |
Found in cetaceans. = diamond skin disease in pigs. -septicaemia, endocarditis, skin lesions |
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Viral disease in fish |
-carp pox -lymphocystis |
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Ddx for white spot disease? |
lymphocystis |
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Protozoal diseases in fish |
-chilodonella -white spot disease -trichodina -oodinium |
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What dressing will you use on a non-infected, minimal exudate, shallow wound? or epithelialising wound that needs protection |
film dressings: non-absorptive. |
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What dressing will you use on a dry wound/non-exudative eschars/sloughy wound/exposed soft tissue e.g. tendon bone |
Hydrogels |
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What dressing should you use for low - moderately exudative wounds and non-infected granulation beds |
Hydrocolloids |
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Calcium alginates can be used for |
-moderate - heavily exudative wounds -control bleeding and clot formation in wounds -can be used in less exudative wound if you pre-moisten it |
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Polyurethan foams can be used for? |
-moderate - heavy exudative wounds -support epithelialisation across a granulation bed -proud flesh or where pressure/padding required -to reduce dead space |
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Normal bird temp |
40-41 C |
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Injectable GA for birds |
-butorphanol -medetomidine -diazepam -ketamine -zoletil |
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Venipuncture in birds |
-Right jugular vein -cutaneous ulnar vein -medial metatarsal vein |
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Normal PCV in birds |
35 - 55% |
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FIRST AID BIG 3 |
Warmth Fluid Therapy Nutrition |
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Analgesia in birds |
Butorphanol = birds mostly kappa opioid receptors Meloxicam Carprofen |
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Antibiotics in birds |
-enrofloxacin: pseudomonas -amoxicillin/clav: cat attacks -doxycycline: chlamydophila |
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Antifungals in birds |
-nystatin: candida -amphotericin B: macrorhabdus (avian gatric yeast) -terbinafine: aspergillus -itraconazole: aspergillus |
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Antiparasitics in birds |
-metronidazole: giardia, trichomonas -ivermectin/moxidectin: lice, mites, nematodes -fipronil: fleas in chickens |
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Lead vs Zinc toxicity in birds |
Lead: fishing sinkers, toys, paint, batteries CS: regurg, PU/PD, ataxia, seizures Dx: elevated blood lead levels >0.5ppm Tx: supportive care, chelation, remove lead Zinc: galvanised wire, hardware, coins CS: Diarrhoea, PU/PD, anaemia, seizures Tx: supportive, chelation, remove Zn |
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Tx for teflon inhalation |
intensive! oxygen, steroids, diuretic, antibiotics, analgesics |
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Tx for egg bind |
-support: fluids, heat, nutrition, Ca -ovacentesis -manual manipulation -surgical removal -prostagland E2 (as long as no physical obstruction) |
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Tx chronic egg laying |
-change photoperiod (8-10hrs/day) -don't remove eggs/replace with plastic egg -remove nests/nesting material -hormone therapy -salpingohysterectomy |
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Dx and Tx for psittacine beak and feather disease |
Dx: histopath, HA detect virus in blood, HI measure antibody, PCR Tx: euthanasia recommended. most succumb to secondary infection. |
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Chlamydophilosis/psittacosis Dx and Tx: |
-cockatiel, green urates, resp signs, neuro signs Dx: haematology, PCR, immunohistochem TX: doxycycline + supportive care + quarantine 7wks and re-test |
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Aspergillosis Dx and Tx |
-wild birds that come into captivity CS: voice changes, tracheal granulomas dx: endoscopy, cytology of swabs/aspirates haematology: leucocytosis (heterophilia), non-regenerative anaemia, elevated liver enzymes, low albumin, high globulins Tx: Terbinafine, debride focal lesion, nebulisation F10, supportive therapy |
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Candidiasis dx and tx |
-hand reared wild birds: poor hygiene CS: crop stasis, regurg, oral plaques Dx: identify organism on wet prep + gram stain (swab lesions, crop wash) Tx: Nystatin = must contact organism. Itroconazole for severe cases. |
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Trichomoniasis Dx + Tx |
CS: white/yellow oral plaques, problems eating - occludes GIT Dx: identify organism in wet mounts (crop fluid/swab lesion) Tx: metronidazole, debride severe plaques, supportive care |
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Avian gastric yeast: macrorhabdosus |
CS: weight loss, death Dx: identify organism in gram stain (difficult) Tx: amphotericin B + supportive care |
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Botulism Dx + Tx |
waterfowl + scavengers ingesting decompsing material/maggots/infected carcass CS: progressive flaccid paralysis Dx: hx and clin signs Tx: activated charcoal, aggressive rehydration, supportive care |
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Marek's disease dx + tx |
-chickens CS: flaccid paralysis, lymphoma dx: clin signs, histopath tx: euthanasia |
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Laparoscopy indicated for? |
-surgical sexing -biopsy -organ examination |
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Air sac cannulation not indicated for? |
lower airway disease |
